Effects of Methamphetamine on the Human Body What Cases Have Been Seen to Prove this and How It Leads To Addiction Essay

make of rubbishamphetamine on the Human Body What Cases Have Been Seen to Prove this and How It Leads To dependencyIntroductionPart A            What make does the over dep break offency to ice rink cause to the human body.            Are there any cases that have been subject to prove this and if yes which ones be they? scratch is a powerful, loftyly addictive stimulant that is a bitter tasting white crystallizingline powder stark of smell. In street language it is popularly known             as ice, chalk, crystal or meth with high solubility in water and alcoholic drink making it an easy target for packaging into sundry(a) forms. applesauce affects the exchange nervous system and once it is in the body system, it creates a compact exclusively intense rush and users start experiencing a feel of increase exertion, decreased appetite, and strong purports of well being, high energy levels and sense of much power with the feeling changeless from a period of 20 legal proceeding to 12 hours. When the effect start to where off, the user is left with a feeling of drained helplessness and depression this do leads to the user having a high craving for the medicate to maintain the state of euphoria. This craving for a sense of well being, hyper activity sense of power is what leads to addiction. Addiction to grump has to a large extent been sort out as a moral veer by the public while to medical practitioners it has as well gained clog as a medical issue.            Methamphetamine causes teaching of nerve effects which atomic number 18 increased activity, euphoria and decreased appetite with icing being more(prenominal)(prenominal) potent because it passes through the job brain barrier and enters the brain cells. The effects are more colossal lasting making it more stern on the important nervous system. It has been reported to have effects lasting as long as eight hours. This inquiry will center mostly on the scientific research that has been carried out on looking glass addiction, its look effects and how it causes them and any remedies.Part B            By the end of this revealing process, the hobby objectives should be met.Reasons that lead to use of sparkler should be clearly understood.The confused side effects should be well sketch and possible causes explained.Mechanisms involved and leading to methamphetamine addiction should be comprehended.            medically methamphetamine was developed for the treatment of nasal blockages and clearance of bronchioles in the lungs. late it has been used in low dosages for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disturb and too in weight loss programmes but in a controlled manner and prescriptions is usually not refilled.            Effects of methamphetamine vary and th ey mostly depend on the dosage type. For small drugs, the medicine causes strong and rapidly addiction, lack of relaxation, increased telephone circuit pressure, pulses and respiration with decreased reaction times. This effects leads to a desire for more and in large doses, it causes convulsions, overheating of the body, and in more severe cases stroke and even heart attacks. The side effects are groupinged into the following major categories (Methamphetamine in Jefferson County, 2008 p 3). material effects            The most noticeable are muscle promiscuousness, tremors and seizures dental decay, weight loss, anorexia, coughing, dry mouth , facial aging, brain damage kidney, heart and colorful damage, skin sores and infection and also increased risk of stroke.Cognitive effects            This effects lead to decreased ability to recognize and recall manner of speaking and pictures, make inferences alter information, learn from make love and users have the tendency to make out irrelevant informationPsychological effects            These effects are classified into devil depending on the duration for short marches effects users experience increased sense of euphoria, high confidence and increased alertness. The users arrive more talkative, they are not bored easily and have an increased conjure drive.            change magnitude confidence increase alertness change magnitude good caprice Increased. Long term effects include increased aggression, lack of sleep they become over anxious and are confused most of the time. Meth users become moody and they develop psychotic behaviours characterized by false delusions, they become paranoid and become suicidal.            When ingested by pregnant women, the methamphetamine dissolves in the blood stream and is able to pass through to the fetus. The effects on the unborn children are diverse and so serious since they affect the normal development of the child. The most common effects are premature child present and low possess rates for long time users, low birth weight since the mother does not eat enough food callable to poor appetite and in most severe cases brain damage. Nutritionally, the bollocks up is disadvantaged since the mother does not care a lot away from craving for the next fix.Mechanisms leading to methamphetamine addiction            Addiction to methamphetamine is caused by the drugs pharmacology mainly how it is ingested, absorbed in the body, broken in the body and excreted (Otero et al., 2006 p. 4). The pharmacology of the drug is quite a complex process which involves the peripheral and central nervous actions. The drug belongs to the group of drugs known as amphetamines with a structure closely related to that of epinephrine norepinephrine and dopamine (Kish, 2008 p. 2).            D ue to its structure which is close to that endogenous neurotransmitters the drug is classified as a sympathomimetic drug and as such(prenominal) it interacts with sympathetic receptors of the central nervous system. Specifically, methamphetamine interacts with pre-synaptic receptors and induces effects by war-ridden antagonisms.            There are different modes of methamphetamine usage and they determine how long the effects take to kick in and also increase the chances and ease of addiction. When ingested the effects may take up to twenty minutes to be effected while I snorting the effects set in much quicker as fast as five minutes. The two routes of usage are not so much addictive. Highest rates of addiction have been reported when the route of intake was intravenous injection and lung divine guidance through smoking. These last two routes potentiate risk of addiction since the drug is absorbed more rapidly in the brain.Effect on the central nervou s system            The amphetamines potent central nervous system wait as a result of the clitoris of biogenic amines from the nerve terminals. This enhance release of norepinephrine results in the anorexia effect of amphetamine and together with release of dopamine it creates a feeling of euphoria. When higher levels of dopamine are released to the mesolimbic system, it results in increased levels of serotonin which is responsible for mental disturbances and the psychotic behaviours.            When the high dose of reaches the brain, it leads to a decrease in the levels of dopamine and serotonin and this is achieved through the activity reduction of the enzymes used in their synthesis mainly tyrosine dehydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase respectively.The following table shows a list of websites that were visited for the purpose of this researchTitle of report Website Retrival dateMedication and behavioral treatments (2004) www. psattc.org11-11-2014Children at clandestine methamphetamine labs dower meths youngestVictims(2006) www.ojp.usdoj.gov10-11-2014NIDA Community medicine Alert Bulletin Methamphetamine (n.d.). www.drug debase.gov10-11-2014Methamphetamine Drug Facts 2005 www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov11-11-2014Parenting Children Who Have Been Exposed to Methamphetamine (n.d) www.orparc.org10-11-2014The sites used for this require are from various government departments, and organizations that carry out various health and substances abuse researches. From the websites, they end with either gov. or org. meaning they are esteemed websites. Hence, the information obtained from these websites is also reliable and thus they were considered for this paper. In addition, the sources have testify based reports where quantitative or qualitative research were used to drop a line the reports thus making the data included in this paper in truth reliable and viable.Part CData from various website sources on metha mphetamine and journals published online was used to come up with this report.Table showing the various side effects for methamphetamine usersPhysical effects Cognitive side effects Short term psychological effects Long term psychological effectsWeight loss Failure to recall pictures Increased good mood Mood disordersKidney and heart damage Failure to learn from experience Increased alertness Lack of sleep and increased uneasinessIncreased risk of stroke Decreased ability to make inferences Increased talkativeness Confusion and aggressionSkin sores and infections Decreased ability to manipulate information Increased confidence Increases psychotic behaviourTooth decay Increased sex drive Hallucinations and increased suicidal tendenciesIncreased transmission of human immunodeficiency virus due to sharing injecting needles Table showing usage of methamphetamine in terms of age (a 2003 survey on methamphetamine users among college discharge children and non-college attending children obtained from NSDH, 2005).Ages/ grades utilise at least once Used in the former(prenominal) category Used in the last 30 daysCollege students 5.8% 2.6% 0.6% schoolboyish adults(19-28) 8.9% 2.7% 0.7%Table showing use of methamphetamine in USA (NSDH, 2005 n.p)Used at least once Used in the gone year Used in the last 30 days12+ geezerhood 4.9% 0.6% 0.2%Table showing use of methamphetamine in school going children (NSDH, 2005 n.p)Grade Used at least once) Used in the past year Used in the last 30 dayseighth 2.5% 1.5% 0.6%10th 5.3% 3.0% 1.3%12th 6.2% 3.4% 1.4%Part D            Comprehensive data obtained from various government and non-governmental websites, show that methamphetamine abuse cuts across all ages and friendly classes with the high-risk groups being plenty with low self-esteem, societal pressure such as weight loss to gain an athletic or modeling body, depression, and those traumatised. While continued abuse leads to addiction, amount and in gestion routes are also determinants with smoking and injection contributing greatly to addiction. Though used medically for nasal and bronchial blockages, its abuse is the main concern due to the resulting side effects and the damages it causes.Journal            Methamphetamine side effects are as a result of it passing through the brain blood barrier into the brain cells, where its main action is to decrease extracellular monoamine neurotransmitters, peculiarly dopamine, via interfering with their reuptake and promoting their release at the nerve endings (Fleckenstein, et al., 2007 p. 687). Dependency on methamphetamine is a serious issue with major medical, psychiatric and social economic impacts in the society (Lapworth, et al., 2009 p. 383). Withdrawal from methamphetamine also results in impaired social functioning, fatigue and aggressiveness and more craving for the drug. This endanger affects most people and users should not be alienated but helped to cudgel the vice by taking them to rehabilitation centres.            While it has been used medically to solve medical conditions such as nasal and bronchial blockages, it debase is the main problem. Methamphetamine abuse cuts across all ages and social classes with the main contributing factors being low self-esteem, peer pressure, social pressure, depressions and even people suffering from traumas. The resulting side effects vary from person to person but prolonged abuse results to both physical defects such as tooth decay, weak limbs due to poor appetite, damages of organs especially the heart, kidney and liver and also psychological effects. The psychological effects are usually aggressive behaviors which endangers their lives and of those more or less them and psychotic behaviors which leads them in committing suicide.ReferencesFleckenstein A., E., Volz, T., J., Riddle, E., L., Gibb, J., W., and Hanson, G., R. 2007. New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Journal of yearly Review in Pharmacology and Toxicology. 47 681698.Kish, S., J. 2008.Pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal Methamphetamine. Journal of Canadian Medical Association, 178 (13)1679-1682.Lapworth, K., Dawe, S., Davis, P., Kavanagh, D., Young, R., Saunders, J. 2009. Impulsivity and positive psychotic symptoms influence hostility in methamphetamine users. Journal of Addictive Behaviours ,34 380385Methamphetamine in Jefferson County. 2008. Methamphetamine in Jefferson County. pinch the Impact of Methamphetamine Abuse Issue Paper and RecommendationsNIDA Community Drug Alert Bulletin. n.d. Methamphetamine. www.drugabuse.gov.Office of National Drug Control Policy. 2005. Methamphetamine. www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov.Otero, C., Boles, S., Young, N. K., & Dennis, K., 2006. Methamphetamine Addiction, Treatment, and Outcomes Implications for Child Welfare Workers. bosom Abuse and Mental Health serve Administration Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Substance abuse department. 2008. National Survey of Drug Use and Health National Findings. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.US Department of Justice. 2004. Children at Clandestine Methamphetamine Laboratories. www.ojp.usdoj.gov.Source document