Court Observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Court Observation - Essay Example In the year 1978, five boys were reported missing and were presumed dead. The suspects that were captured at the time, Lee Evans and his cousin, Philander Hampton could not be held due to the absence of credible evidence. However, as time went by, the court found something to link Lee with the murders of the five teens. The issue that arose during the case was the linking of Lee to all the murders (Henry, p. 20). Questions as to why he would do such an act were asked. The public was very interested in the closure of the case. To this day, the bodies of the teens have not been recovered. Families of the deceased are appealing to the accused to disclose the location of the bodies. This is to allow them to be at peace and have the ability to let go of the memory of their lost ones. Facts reveal that Lee Evans and his cousin led the teens into a vacant house, put them in a closet, poured gasoline and lit it. They then left. It is believed that the teens were forced to the abandoned house at gun point (Henry, p. 22). First, three were taken by Lee then two followed later. When asked the reason he was doing this by his cousin, Lee said it was payback since the boys had stolen his marijuana. The case came to a close as the jury found Philander Hampton guilty of the five counts of murder. This is because he had pleaded guilty to the charges. The case had gone cold and had been put under missing persons. A confession from Hampton helped law enforcement agencies to start the case again. This time they had a witness. Lee Evans still has not pleaded guilty to these charges (Henry, p. 23). There was a plea made by Lee’s defence for a mistrial but the judge, Patricia Costello, denied the motion for the mistrial. If the case was considered a mistrial, then the case would have to start all over again. Beside Hampton, Lee Evans is the only other person who truly knows what happened. This means that the prosecution is heavily reliant on his account of what happened. Since the fire destroyed the credible evidence, the prosecutors have nothing else to go by. Lee’s defence asked the witness why he did not stop the accused from doing what he allegedly did. The answer Hampton gave was that he did not know Lee was going to do it (Henry, 25). He is the one who allegedly gave Lee the matches to use to set the place on fire. The prosecution in this case has a hard time since the evidence produced by their only witness is being questioned. With his tenth grade education, Hampton seemed confused with the account of what actually happened. Hampton, in his testimony, claims he fled from the scene of the crime before it was set on fire. He explained to the jurors in the case how the accused, Lee Evans, led the victims into the deserted building and carried out the actions (Millman, p. 15). Lee acted as his own defence at the beginning but later on, he decided to involve a public defender. The credibility of the key witness was also questioned. This was bec ause of his past criminal record. He had been arrested on several occasions and charged with drug possession. He was also charged with shoplifting. The defence thinks that Hampton was coerced into agreeing to testify against his cousin. They also think that if he is the key witness, why did he have to wait this long to decide to testify (Millman, p. 25). As a witness, Hampton had a lot on his plate. Family members claim that they suspected Lee Evans from the start. This is because, at the time of the

Haiti Earthquake Essay Example for Free

Haiti Earthquake Essay Haiti is situated in Hispaniola in the Caribbean. Hispaniola, which consists of two countries Dominican Republic and Haiti itself. Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and it is the 145th poorest country the world. 80% of its 9.7 million people live below the poverty line. The Haitian earthquake occurred on the 12th January 2010; it left the country in devastation. The Social impacts of this earthquake left people homeless, the Haitian homes were not earthquake resistant as this was the biggest earthquake that Hispaniola has had so they did not prepare for it , the last earthquake occurred in Dominican Republic. The quake didn’t only leave the country either dead or injured it also brought back cholera a disease that the country hadn’t seen for a century this was because of the wrecked water treatment systems and crowded conditions it had spread quickly. Food shortage was also a side effect to the Haitian earthquake as staple crops like maize, plantains and bananas had been affected by the earthquakes mainly by the dust or being squashed, which means Haiti had to rely even more on increasingly expensive food imports that they couldn’t afford as country. Injuries and deaths was a big impact as the population went down .The death total tolls topped 200,000 a number of bodies were found under buildings and injuries were caused, fire fighters tried to retrieve many of these people, some survived but some sadly lost their lives. Another side effect after the devastation of Haiti was more crime as 3000 prisoners escaped. After the earthquake, orphans were also formed as parents of young children died and children were left homeless, parentless school less as the construction of the school wasn’t earthquake resistant each and every school in Haiti was destroyed. Life expectancy also went lower to 62 years and 7 months only. No residents couldn’t be aided without clean drinking water and dead bodies rotting in the hot sun the risk of life threatening diseases were expected. Economic Impacts was to do with government, the cost to rebuild and how Haiti was 145th poorest country in the world so they had no money to rebuild. Death tolls topped 200,000 and reliable industries and  structures were destroyed, leaving the nation in a tough situation. Haiti had never been known as a wealthy country. The homes of people were destroyed and job places were destroyed, so nobody could work, so no money could be made in the country therefore there was no income for the residents to rely on to rebuild the nation. Haiti had no chance to rebuild the country with their income in 2010. It is been no different three years later in 2014. In 2009 Haiti’s GDP stood at $11.9 billion compared to $11.6 billion in 2008. The population in Haiti increases by 2% of the total population of 10 million every single year. This made the country less rich because they didn’t have enough income for such large number people for the government to rebuild homes, more schools etc. Shops and businesses were destroyed. Looting had to take place. Damage to transport and communication links made trade became very difficult. Environmental impacts were outcomes of the earthquake to the environment. Farmers areas had been destroyed no crops could be grown due the dust and the destruction of the country. Air was also a victim to this disaster as it was polluted by the dust of the buildings and that collapsed and water was affected as chemicals and spillages from collapsed buildings oil had leaked out of damaged storage facilities into water which made it poisoned. The Earthquake reduced Haiti’s forest cover from 60% per cent to less than 2 per cent today. Today the population in Haiti has increased to 10.32million people. To avoid any further destruction to the country in future they should consider making their homes earthquake resistant and the country less populated to avoid a poor country. The number of people living in camps decreased from 1.5 million to 145,403 today, allowing over one million people to return home. More than 11,000 families have now been relocated, allowing the closure of 50 temporary camps. UNDP has been a major help to Haiti to help rebuild their small nation.UNDP is a charity that helps affected countries like Haiti. Key words Definitions. Earthquakes: Sudden release of energy through the earth’s crust in the form of waves. Tension builds up within the crust as convectional forces in the mantle try to move the plates above but are prevented from doing so by friction between plates. When friction is overcome, an earthquake occurs.  Social Impacts: Social impact is the effect of an activity on the social fabric of the community and well-being of individuals and families Convectional: Transfer of heat in a gas or liquid by upward movement of the hotter, less dense portion. Cholera: Cholera is an infection of the intestines. People get it from drinking water or eating food thats contaminated with a type of bacteria called Vibrio cholera. Food Imports: Food imported from other countries Life expectancy: How long you are expected to live for Economic Impacts: Impacts that have affected the country’s money GDP: Gross Domestic Product. Population: All the inhabitants of a particular place Incomes: Money received. Looting: Stealing from unguarded homes or businesses Environmental Impacts: Impacts to do with Environment affecting the Landscape UNDP: United Nation Development Programme is a charity. Convectional: Final way that heat is transferred from one place to another is convection

Similar Roles of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Similar Roles of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Joy Luck Club, a novel by Amy Tan, is structured in an unusual way.   It is divided into four different sections.   Each section has four stories told by four different women.   In the first section all the mothers, in the Joy Luck Club, talk about their childhood.   In the next two sections the daughters talk about their childhood and their experiences through life.   In the last section the four mothers speak about the stories of when they were younger, around their daughters' age.   This novel explores countless topics.   Not only does it deal with gender identity and the relationships between Chinese-American cultures, but it also deals with mother daughter relationships.   Amy Tan shows us how mothers and daughters mirror each other. Every daughter in this novel hears about their mother's life and sees some comparisons to her own life.   "All women are daughters and must resolve the conflicts inherent in the mother/daughter relationship if they are to understand themselves an ultimately to establish their own identity". (Internet 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No matter how old they get, mothers and daughters play similar roles.   Even though an individual may not consciously do things that their mothers have taught/ inherit from them, they still act the same in some respects. An example of this would be   GuYing-ying (Betty) St. Clair and Lena St. Clair.   Both of these characters tell their stories.   These stories, in ways, sound very similar to each other.   Ying-ying's story is called the Moon Lady.   In this story, Ying-ying learns a truth and in some ways becomes a different person.   As Ying-ying sat on the edge of the boat the firecrackers went off.   She fell off the boat and found herself lost   in a large body of water.   She is discovered in the water and is brought to shore where she finds her family.   Later she sees the moon lady and wants to make a wish.   The moon lady is similar to a shooting star.   You only get one wish and it   only appears once in a gre at while.   However, when she sees the moon lady she discovers something.   "I could see the face of the moon lady: shrunken cheeks, a broad oily nose, large glaring teeth, and red stained eyes.   A face so tires that she she wearily pulled off her hair, her long gown fell from her shoulders and as the secret wish fell from my lips, the moon lady looked at me and became a man" (83)  Ã‚   Ying-ying discovers that things aren't always what they appear to be.

Real World Connection

Real World Connector In the chapter Church, I felt a connection with Kiowa. â€Å"Not a minister,† he said, â€Å"but I do like churches. The way it feels inside. It feels good when you just sit there, like you’re in a forest and everything’s really quiet, except there’s still this sound you can’t hear†. The way I relate to this part is the same way I feel when I go to a temple (similar to a church) I feel the same way. When I go to the temple I sit there and listen to the prayer. But when I get into the prayer, everything goes quiet.I get this really good feeling inside myself. All my fears are taken over by peace. I think that’s why Kiowa says this is â€Å"just wrong† to be inside a holly place. One thing I didn’t understand the monks cleaning the solider weapons. Was there so representative of this. I know in my temple the minister is not allowed to touch weapons. Overall, a temple or a church are both religious place , but are both peaceful places. We are supposed to feel save in a place or worship. Henry Dobbin tells us about how he liked the whole idea of being a minister. â€Å"I was a kid.The thing is, I believed in God and all that, but it wasn’t the religious part that interested me. Just being nice to people, that’s all. Being decent†. The teaching of any church or temple are the same. God tells us to be good humans, and give back to the community. I agree and disagree with Henry Dobbins. I agree with him to the part about being a nice person. I disagree with the part when he says â€Å"it wasn’t the religious part that interested me†. The reason I disagree with this is because reglion should about be an interest not only the lessons of God. Maybe I misunderstand what Henry Dobbin was saying.

China Authoritarian State

Alyssa Morgan Intro to Comparative Politics Ritu Dhungana September 8, 2012 China: Authoritarian Regime According the text, Hague and Harrop, Authoritarian rule is any form of non-democratic rule. Although authoritarian, there is broad aspect of the term. Many countries can be considered authoritarian or non-democratic through one party rule, military junta, and presidential dictatorship (Hague and Harrop, â€Å"Authoritarian Rule†). One party, the Communist party, rules China.There are three reasons as to why China is considered to be governed by an authoritarian regime: The Communist Party seeks to maintain their own control; corruption, and the absence of constitutional restraint and clear legal framework (Hague and Harrop, â€Å"Authoritarian Rule†). Liberal democracy serves as a way to steer from instability though checks and balances. However communism, a form of authoritarian rule, is defined as a system of social organization where all property is controlled by the overall community in which each person contributes and receives in accordance to their ability and need (Oxford Dictionaries, â€Å"Communism†).China’s communist party maintains control over the wealth and prosperity formed throughout the People’s Republic of China, making it an authoritarian state. However, China is growing economically and vibrantly, climbing the ladder in becoming one of the world’s superpowers. China as a whole has prospered from this authoritarian regime and over three hundred million Chinese have sought benefit from this but over one billion have had little or no advantage (Project Muse, â€Å"A Rising, Emboldened China†). There are always pros and cons to any form of government.As part of the their way of maintaining control, the government limits local elections and the press and any and all political mentions is strictly controlled. Any criticism about the government, online or in newspapers is dealt with harshly and s wiftly (The Democracy Journal, â€Å"China and East Asian Democracy†). The restriction of open ideas on the Internet and in the newspapers makes the task of voting extremely difficult for there are no opposing arguments in the media or elsewhere to derive an opinion from. (The Democracy Journal, â€Å"China and East Asian Democracy†).The main question remains that, although this country is economically prosperous, can the Communist party of the People’s Republic of China maintain this type of authoritarian regime without inevitable civil unrest and perhaps a revolution. The lack of constitutional restraint and unclear legal framework is apparent while reading about The People’s Republic of China. It is hard to criticize the Chinese government and their form of authoritarian regime for they are fast becoming a leading nation in this world.The Chinese Communist Party, (CCP) however restraining, has evolved to become very complex and adaptable (Journal of De mocracy, â€Å"China and East Asian Democracy†). Many authoritarian regimes require succession within the family, (monarchy) but China has term limits and invests its power in one single party, thus making China a modern authoritarian regime. Corruption will inevitably be found within any communist country. Many who hold high positions in the government of China are due to their prestigious or wealthy family backgrounds.Many officials apart of the CCP enjoy various perks and wealth in their jobs. It is assumed that early China had less corruption due to fewer resources and ones fight to rise to power (Journal of Democracy, â€Å"China and East Asian Democracy†). Corruption is most common in the lower administrative branches of government in China. Lower level officials are cooed to compete with one other to achieve higher personal status as well as promotion within the government (Journal of Democracy, â€Å"China and East Asian Democracy†).The simple characteri stics of an unclear legal framework or constitutional restraint, corruption, and preservation of power makes China an authoritarian government no matter how adaptive, prosperous, or beneficial. China has undoubtedly grown in terms of the economy and is making strides to becoming one the world’s superpowers, making an analysis of the government in China difficult. There are pro’s and cons when dealing with the highly adaptive and complex governmental regime in this country, but above all the Peoples Republic of China is Communist, therefore supporting the main topic that China stands under an authoritarian regime.

Behaviorists human development Essays

Behaviorists human development Essays Behaviorists human development Essay Behaviorists human development Essay The question of whether heredity (nature) or environment (nurture) is more important in determining the course of human development has been debated throughout the centuries (Papalia et al, 2002). The advent of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution (1859), which emphasizes the biological basis of human development, led to a return to the hereditarian point of view. With the rise of behaviorism in the twentieth century, however, the environmentalists’ position once again gained dominance (Atkinson, 1993). Behaviorists such as John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner argued that human nature is completely malleable: early training can turn a child into any kind of adult, regardless of his or her heredity. Watson stated the argument in its most extreme form which is presented the average person’s activity (Atkinson, 1993). Today most psychologists agree not only that both nature and nurture play important roles but that they interact continuously and guide development. For example, the development of many personality traits, such as sociability and emotional stability, appear to be influenced about equally by heredity and environment; similarly, mental disorders can have both genetic and environmental causes (Atkinson, 1993). Behavior geneticists are attempting to sort out the relative importance of nature and nurture influences in the development of various behavior patterns. Psychologists are especially interested in the roles of nature and nurture in intelligence, abnormal behavior patterns such as schizophrenia, and social problems such as sociopathy and aggression (Atkinson, 1993). Non-genetic influence or the environment is perhaps the strongest alibi any person attributes to whenever things turn out not as good as they want them to be. We often make justifications why we tend to be mediocre; â€Å"because my parents did not try their very best to train me and provide for all that I need,† is our typical rejoinder. To what extent is this true, and where does the line end when it comes to personal responsibility, genetic predispositions, or the responsibility and accountability of people who exert immense influence on us? The argument postulated in this paper is not so much as â€Å"drawing the line† in as much as it has evidently proven the great impact of nurture on personality and/or human development in general (Papalia et al, 2002). Parental abuse and neglect have been issues in learning because these are factors that are vital to the child’s overall performance and normal functioning as they operate as kids and later as adults in the real world. This is also true with nutritional status of children in their growing years. Several studies have proven the effects of these factors that they are consciously observed among the educated parents; as much as possible, many actively pursue in avoiding the drastic effects of either deficiency (Papalia et al, 2002). Indeed, the environmental changes that are constantly influencing children in their early stages are established in the scientific disciplines; this despite the many arguments to the contrary. Operant conditioning, like classical conditioning, is not just an exotic laboratory procedure. People use operant conditioning everyday in their effort to influence other people. For example, parents and peers incline children to acquire â€Å"sex appropriate† behavior patterns through the elaborate use of rewards and punishment. Parents tend to praise their children for sharing with others and to punish their children for being too aggressive. The strength of an operant response can be measured by its resistance to extinction: that is, how long it takes for the behavior to return to its original rate once the pleasant consequence following the behavior no longer occurs. It is thus told that it is generally correct to say that for an operant response to be strengthened, the response should be rewarded (Nevid, Rathus and Greene, 2008). But reward in ordinary language denotes things such as money, candy, or praise. There would be times, however, that a reward will not always strengthen an operant response. This is further explained in other phenomena of operant conditioning called reinforcement; the negative and positive reinforcers etc. Reinforcement is anything that increases the probability that a particular response will increase in frequency. The presentation (positive) or removal (negative) of particular consequences may reinforce responses. Thus, reinforcement may be either positive or negative (Nevid, Rathus and Greene, 2008). Positive reinforcer increases the probability that an operant will occur when it is applied, or it increases the likelihood that a particular response will occur. When a student gets a high grade as reward for his effective study habits, he is likely to consistently follow his rewarded behavior. This is an example of positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcer increases the probability that an operant will occur when it is removed. People often learn to plan ahead so that they need not fear that things will go wrong. Fear acts as a negative reinforcer, because removal of fear increases the probability that the behaviors preceding it will be repeated (Nevid, Rathus and Greene, 2008). Primary reinforcers. There are some reinforcers that are innately reinforcing. They’re powerful in increasing the chance that a particular behavior will occur. They are usually effective because they satisfy basic physiological needs, food, clothing, and shelter are considered primary reinforcers (Nevid, Rathus and Greene, 2008). Secondary reinforcers are reinforcers which are not innately reinforcing. Their power to reinforce behavior is acquired and not innately present. Money, grades, prize, and tokens are secondary reinforcers (Nevid, Rathus and Greene, 2008). Punishments are aversive events that suppress or decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow. Punishment can rapidly suppress undesirable behavior and may be warranted in â€Å"emergencies† such as when a child tries to run out into the street (Nevid, Rathus and Greene, 2008). Case 1: Connie Demographics (age, race, sex etc. ) Connie is in the early adolescent stage of development. After watching and observing her with the allotted time, she easily related with me some basic information about herself. She’s thirteen years old, and will be turning fourteen (14) by June this year. She had her menarche last October 2008 but she said, it is not that regular yet. She has only one other sibling, a younger sister now three years old, and also a girl. Appearance (clothing, approximate height and weight and other defining characteristics) Connie is tall and lanky, and seems awkward of her height (five feet and 4 inches). She dresses simply; appeared to opt for a sporty look rather than the more feminine type. She has a medium length raven-black wavy hair. Her slim body build makes her a stand out in the crowd since many of her peers in the school ground where they are seen together, are all on the bulky side. She has a confident gait, but she appears to be very conscious at times of the stares that she gets from some of the other students strolling in the area. Her group of friends was watching something in the ipod her classmate was holding and so the mood just suddenly became serious. They were all wearing their school uniform this particular day. It comprised of a blue skirt with a white blouse, with a tiny blue ribbon to accessorize the whole get up. They donned on their IDs as well but Connie set herself apart as she was wearing a grey beret.

Return on Investment for Your Time

Return on Investment for Your Time I touched on this subject in another post earlier this year, but I want to hammer it here. You are a writer. Your time is torn between the keyboard and marketing yourself (not to mention your private life and whatever job is subsidizing your endeavors). Your time is money. Its ALWAYS money, so dont throw it away. So when you decide to get involved in any writing activity, you must be able to measure the return on investment. Whats it worth in terms of your annual income for you to get involved? Conferences Dont go without a mission. What will you bring home from this event? While youll make friends the purpose isnt social. Its business. What will you achieve here that makes it worth your money AND the time away from your writing? Is the conference too large for your taste? Do they provide answers to exact topics you need? Do you need an agent and do they provide one that fits your genre? Measure a conference from all angles before attending. Signings Will you be the only person at a poorly advertised event, selling three books in as many hours? Or is it well-advertised with expectations of good sales? Yes, it is controllable and predictable. If it isnt, someone isnt doing their job. Mass signings Theres a trend to gather as many authors as possible together and meet in some venue to sign. However, if there are as many authors as attendees, or even 30 authors and 200 attendees, will you sell enough books in that day (or two) that will justify the travel and cost? What are the genres represented? How much advertising has been done? How many books have sold at these events in the past? How much percentage of your sales do you have to pay for the privilege? Book Fairs These little events can net huge rewards, or reap nothing. Know the event. Keep it as local as possible, both diminishing expense and capitalizing on the homegrown author reputation. Classes What are the teachers credentials? What do previous students say about the class? How much is the fee and how much time will you have to invest? How will you specifically implement this class into your writing plans? Webinars What are the presenters credentials? What are they selling? Does the program fit into your schedule AND your writing plan? Be wary of impulse-to-buy deals. Book Clubs Believe it or not, these little gems often pay for themselves. Not only does the club choose your book (meaning sales to the members), but they may pay you an honorarium to attend. And since the members already read one of your books, you have the chance to promote your others in personand offer to autograph them while youre there! Ask the club what they expect to learn more. They love to talk about themselves. Advertising Know before purchasing advertising how others have fared. Are you better off paying for advertising or writing twenty guest blog posts and stealing your writing time? What is the net profit for each of your books so you can determine how many books you must sell to justify the expense. Dont play if you dont know. To know how to calculate your investment, to determine whether to participate or not, you do your homework, and thats where most writers fall short. They listen to whats said on Facebook or in chatrooms and dont actually research the events/activities themselves, thinking they dont have the time. There is no excuse for not doing your homework. Not with all the information readily at your fingertips as you sit so comfortably at your desk. To say you can or cannot afford to do something should mean you have the knowledge of why, to include the pros and cons of how it accurately can aid or inhibit your career . . . or pocketbook. –Hope Clark TWITTER Â  http://twitter.com/hopeclark AUTHOR SITE chopeclark.com FACEBOOK Â  facebook.com/chopeclark GOODREADS Â  goodreads.com/hopeclark BOOKBUB Â  https://www.bookbub.com/authors/c-hope-clark

Quotes to Help Celebrate Teachers Day

Quotes to Help Celebrate Teachers' Day A good teacher plays the role of an educator, guide, inspirational guru, and a friend. They gently  nudge the slow learners to climb a steep learning curve, and they engage with the bright minds to delve deeper into concepts  and thereby meet their need to be ahead of others. Teachers tap the fertile mind of young children and plant the seed of curiosity in them. This inculcates the values of self-learning, exploration, and philosophical inquiry. Many young children take the spark of imagination to unimaginable heights. Little origami enthusiasts grow up to become  engineers of cutting-edge technology. Kids  suffering from dyslexia grow up and  became famous surgeons. What Is World Teachers Day? Also known as International Teachers Day, World Teachers Day is held officially each year on October 5 in Canada and more than 100 countries worldwide, but in the United States, it’s held on the first Tuesday of the first full week in May. According to UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), it’s a special day to remind the world that education is a fundamental right that requires qualified teachers - who by the way - are always in demand, especially in remote, rural areas of the world. The day marks the beginning of set standards for teachers and their commitment to the profession to help improve the lives of children. The following quotes are from some famous people in honor of teachers and the lofty profession of teaching: American historians (Henry Brooks Adams, Jacques Barzun); American author (Ken Blanchard); American operatic tenor (Robert Brault); Australian physician (Helen Caldicott); theoretical physicist (Albert Einstein); writers (Johann Wolfgang von Goeth, Nikos Kazantzakis, Dan Rather), Boy Scout administrator (Forest Witcraft); and Irish poet (William Butler Yeats). Henry Brooks Adams A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. Jacques Barzun In teaching, you cannot see the fruit of a days work. It is invisible and remains so, maybe for twenty years. Ken Blanchard Your role as a leader is even more important than you might imagine. You have the power to help people become winners. Robert Brault The average teacher explains complexity; the gifted teacher reveals simplicity. Helen Caldicott Teachers, I believe, are the most responsible and important members of society because their professional efforts affect the fate of the earth. Albert Einstein It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe A teacher who can arouse a feeling for one single good action, for one single good poem, accomplishes more than he who fills our memory with rows and rows of natural objects, classified with name and form. Nikos Kazantzakis Ideal teachers are those who use themselves as bridges over which they invite their students to cross, then having facilitated their crossing, joyfully collapse, encouraging them to create bridges of their own. Dan Rather The dream begins with a teacher who believes in you, who tugs and pushes and leads you to the next plateau, sometimes poking you with a sharp stick called truth. Forest Witcraft A hundred years from now, it will not matter what kind of car I drove, what kind of house I lived in, how much money I had in the bank, but the world may be a better place because I made a difference in the life of a child. William Butler Yeats Education is not the filling of a pail but the lighting of a fire.

Informed Consent in Medical Malpractice Research Paper

Informed Consent in Medical Malpractice - Research Paper Example A set of regulations that govern malpractice lawsuits differs from one state to another. Medical malpractice is not a different tort, instead, the tort of negligence. In this vein, elements of medical malpractice are not different from those of negligence. These are violation, causation, duty, and damages. They are normally framed in health jargon, but are similar to the four mentioned elements that apply to negligence. One of the vital aspects that come up in medical malpractice is that medical practitioners are regarded as individuals who should give very high levels of care than the normal layman. The standard of care reflects what is supposed to be undertaken with regard to the prevailing conditions. Health professionals are expected to render standards of care as would have done a reasonable health practitioner under similar conditions. Medical malpractice takes place when a health professional does not deliver duties to the degree that a plausible health professional would have rendered under the same conditions. If a qualified health specialist had taken the same method or treatment in question, under the same conditions, then medical malpractice would therefore not have taken place. Other specific aspects in medical malpractice entail errors in diagnosis, treatment matters, and difficulties in communication, prescription errors, and falls. For instance, if a medical officer fails to diagnose the plaintiff’s case in a desired way, then the medical officer may be said to have violated the standard of care he or she was supposed to have accorded the plaintiff. The standard of care to be used by health professionals is dictated to some degree, by reference to instructions and rules, state practice procedures, facility laws and methods, equipment literature, job explanation, health information and legal cases. A health provider must possess a suitable license failure of which may be evident enough that the health provider was

Credit Crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Credit Crunch - Essay Example During a credit crunch, also known as a "liquidity crisis" or a "credit squeeze", the banks won't or can't lend. Investors can't or won't buy debts. Suddenly it's very difficult to borrow money. There is a lack of easy money. Consumers and businesses have less to spend. There could be serious ramifications for an economy. Even if the credit crunch is narrowly define as something that affects just banks, private equity and hedge funds, there is little out there to suggest that the British economy is out of the woods. Around the world, banks remain reluctant to lend to each other - or anyone else, for that matter, except blue-chip corporations or mortgage customers who can afford to furnish lenders with large up-front deposits. House prices are down 13 per cent year-on-year and rising; the boss of Countrywide, the country's biggest lender, says one in 11 borrowers are falling behind on their home loan payments; house repossessions were up 57 per cent in March compared to the previous year; consumer confidence has hit a 26-year low Almost 7,000 has been wiped off the value of the average British home since October 2007, after house prices dropped for a fifth consecutive month, according to latest survey figures. Britain's average house price fell by a further 0.6 per cent, or just over 1,000, in March, on the heels of a 0.5 per cent decline in February, the Nationwide Building Society's most recent snapshot of market conditions shows (The Times March 2008). Impacts on Interest Rates: in the past few weeks 10 mortgage lenders, including the Royal Bank of Scotland, Alliance & Leicester and the country's biggest building society, the Nationwide, have increased some of their rates, despite the Bank cutting rates from 5.75 per cent to 5.5 in December. Bank of England data shows that the average mortgage rate has been inflated. When interest rates were previously 5.5 per cent - in May last year - the average mortgage rate was 5.66 per cent but when rates moved back down to that level in December the average was 5.93. Credit CRUNCH IN the United States For more than half a century, Americans have proved staggeringly resourceful at finding new ways to spend money. But now the freewheeling days of credit and risk may have run their course in the United States - at least for a while and perhaps much longer - as a period of involuntary thrift unfolds in many households. With jobs shrinking, housing prices plummeting and debt levels swelling, the same nation that pioneered the no-money-down mortgage suddenly confronts an unfamiliar imperative: More Americans must live within their means. For the 34 million American households who took money out of their homes over the last four years by refinancing or borrowing against their equity - roughly one-third of the nation - the savings rate was running at a negative 13 percent in the middle of 2006, meaning they were borrowing heavily against their assets to finance their day-to-day lives Employment and credit crunch in UK Indications of the severity with which the credit crunch is likely to hit working people in Britain are contained in a number of recent reports and press articles. These focus, firstly, on the impact of credit becoming more difficult to obtain and, secondly, on the cost of mortgages. According to the National Institute of

The meaning of love in The necklace and The lady with the dog Essay

The meaning of love in The necklace and The lady with the dog - Essay Example This paper analyzes what love means in both accounts. Both stories portray that love is an eternal fulfillment and happiness; however, these rewards only await those who are willing to sacrifice everything. Dmitri sacrificed his norms and Monsieur sacrificed his own priorities. The middle class families and society of the nineteenth century were rather conservative. People used to stick to rules and liberal thinking was not as much prevalent as it is today. The plot of â€Å"The Necklace† takes place in France somewhere in the 19th century. The important thing to note about this time is people’s values on modesty. Women were kept at homes and according to present day standards, that practice can be deemed as something that deprived women of their rights. Monsieur proved his love for his wife with his actions. The events in â€Å"The lady with the Dog† also take place in the 19th century setting among middle class people in Russia. Dmitri was notorious for having affairs with every woman who was willing to have one despite his marriage. â€Å"The Necklace† Monsieur Loisel (â€Å"The Necklace†) Monsieur is a humble man earning average salary as a clerk. He is not rich; however, he does possess the greatest wealth of all, staying content and happy with what one has. He is highly appreciative of his wife; he loves her and always supports her. His nature is like a blotting paper: he accepts all the harshness of life and his wife with love and contentment. When both husband and wife sit for dinner at the round table, Monsieur’s wife notices that the table cloth has been used three times without washing while Monsieur uncovers the tureen in a happy mood: â€Å"Oh! The good potpie! I know nothing better than that†(10). Monsieur is a man who is accustomed to adjustments if something is not available; on the other hand, his wife gets irritated when she does not get something. When Monsieur brings home the invitation to the party, his wife gets sad as she does not have matching (expensive) jewelry to wear with the dress. He is a little surprised as to the awkwardness in wearing flowers instead of jewelry that match the color of the dress. After all, is not it common sense? But to his wife, it is not. Monsieur accepts things as they are, not what he wishes them to be. If they did not have money to get expensive jewelry, he considered it a fact of life and not something to whine or cry about. In the end, Monsieur is the one that comes up with the plan of buying a similar necklace when Mathilde loses the original one, and arranges the money through loan and mortgages. The money he gives Mathilde for her fancy dress was meant to pay for a gun that he so wanted, but against his wife’s happiness his own wishes meant nothing to him. He quietly gives up his life while paying for the necklace without a word of complaint. Mathilde is very lucky to have such a wonderful husband but she never realizes it. She is so consumed in her self-made misery that she never knows that Monsieur loves her unconditionally. Mathilde Loisel (â€Å"The Necklace†) â€Å"She was one of those pretty and charming girls, born by a blunder of destiny in a family of employees† (7). Mathilde is a charming beautiful woman, born in the family of clerks, and this is where the problem starts. She blames her fate that she is born in a middle class family, which is why she is always at war with herself

National Advocacy Paper (political science) 2 Research

National Advocacy (political science) 2 - Research Paper Example Viral videos of anti-Muslim demonstrations race across social networks daily. Islamophobia started in earnest on September 11, 2001 for reasons that are all too clear. This condition is a reactionary response instigated and perpetuated by fear of the unknown and unfamiliar. The level of outwardly expressed hatred ebbs and flows with the day’s newscast but the underlying causes and effects remain constant. It is a shameful and unnecessary circumstance reminiscent of racial segregation battles of the South and anti-immigrant rhetoric that has persisted throughout the nation’s history. Fortunately, technology is working in favor of reasonable thought and rational behavior. Social networking has enabled the world’s neighborhood to grow smaller and more familiar. We are entering an era of understanding between cultures therefore a lessening of ignorance and its byproduct, angry hate-filled speech aimed at disrespecting those of a different personal history. The argume nt for the critics of anything Islamic usually centers around terrorist actions, that Muslims commit more acts of terrorism than any other religious group therefore Islam is a war-like religion that does not respect life. In addition, many countries with a large Muslim population are theocracies, Islamic States, such as Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Pakistan and Iran. This is unacceptable to many Americans who could not imagine living under a theocratic regime, who consider this way of life medieval in nature, backward and harsh. Of course if many of these same people had their way, the U.S. would officially become a Christian nation. Most, 55 percent, (Stone, 2007) still cannot admit the U.S. is a secular nation with a comparatively liberal democratic government and would argue, erroneously, that the Founding Fathers meant for the country to be a Christian nation. It’s likely that those who are not aware of the Founder’s intent do not bother to investigate anything pertainin g to the Islamic religion or Muslim culture so as to understand rather than fear it. The controversy surrounding the mosque near ‘ground zero’ was and is baseless. The plans were to expand the existing Islamic community center (Park 51) that already housed a mosque. Another mosque is located just down the street. The area is dotted with porn shops, bars and ‘gentlemen’s clubs’ but no one claimed any of these potentially offensive business establishments would tarnish the memory of those Americans who died in the twin tower attack. The controversy was contrived and born purely out of fear, hatred and willful misunderstanding. â€Å"The site has been the scene of frequent demonstrations in which protesters carry signs saying such things as ‘All I Need to Know about Islam, I Learned on 9/11’" (Nachtwey, 2010). The community center is located in a building not unlike the others that surround it, plain and with no visible markings to indicat e is a religious institution. It is not an imposing edifice complete with colorful, spiraling towers one might picture when imagining a traditional Middle Eastern mosque. The outrage is disingenuous and not about the mosque itself or the pain it might cause the families of people who died on 9-11, which included Muslims as well. This false outrage is a by-product of ignorance, fear and bigotry. â€Å"

Leadership development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership development - Case Study Example Both the drug company has the same mission as well as passion of improving health across the globe and has a commitment towards the customers in putting them first and being there in times of the need. Therefore the case aims to discuss some of the questions in relation to strategic leadership, cultural and transformational leadership along with the managerial roles and leadership traits with respect to Merck’s company. According to Lussier and Achua, â€Å"Strategic management is the set of decisions and actions used to formulate and implement specific strategies that will achieve a competitively superior fit between the organization and its environment, so as to achieve organizational goals† (Lussier & Achua, 2007, p. 444). Frazier who was appointed as the chief executive officer and president of Merck’s after the retirement of Richard T. Clark in 2011. Frazier has served as an executive vice president and president for Global Human health from the year 2007 to 2010. He is the first African-American who was appointed as the CEO of Merck. Strategic leadership refers to the ability to foresee, predict and maintain flexibility and empower the other members to create about a change as and when necessary for the organization (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2010, p. 352). From the case study it can be stated that the CEO, Mr. Frazier has effectively carried out the primary responsibility of effective strategic leader as the responsibility primarily rest on the top level management mainly by the CEO and Mr. Frazier has proved to be effective strategic leader by helping the company to create the core values along with purpose and vision and secondly, the CEO was able to translate the purpose, vision and the core values into the decision of the business. Ken Frazier had the strategic vision, passion and experience to lead the company and has played a major role in shaping the business

National Advocacy Paper (political science) 2 Research

National Advocacy (political science) 2 - Research Paper Example Viral videos of anti-Muslim demonstrations race across social networks daily. Islamophobia started in earnest on September 11, 2001 for reasons that are all too clear. This condition is a reactionary response instigated and perpetuated by fear of the unknown and unfamiliar. The level of outwardly expressed hatred ebbs and flows with the day’s newscast but the underlying causes and effects remain constant. It is a shameful and unnecessary circumstance reminiscent of racial segregation battles of the South and anti-immigrant rhetoric that has persisted throughout the nation’s history. Fortunately, technology is working in favor of reasonable thought and rational behavior. Social networking has enabled the world’s neighborhood to grow smaller and more familiar. We are entering an era of understanding between cultures therefore a lessening of ignorance and its byproduct, angry hate-filled speech aimed at disrespecting those of a different personal history. The argume nt for the critics of anything Islamic usually centers around terrorist actions, that Muslims commit more acts of terrorism than any other religious group therefore Islam is a war-like religion that does not respect life. In addition, many countries with a large Muslim population are theocracies, Islamic States, such as Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Pakistan and Iran. This is unacceptable to many Americans who could not imagine living under a theocratic regime, who consider this way of life medieval in nature, backward and harsh. Of course if many of these same people had their way, the U.S. would officially become a Christian nation. Most, 55 percent, (Stone, 2007) still cannot admit the U.S. is a secular nation with a comparatively liberal democratic government and would argue, erroneously, that the Founding Fathers meant for the country to be a Christian nation. It’s likely that those who are not aware of the Founder’s intent do not bother to investigate anything pertainin g to the Islamic religion or Muslim culture so as to understand rather than fear it. The controversy surrounding the mosque near ‘ground zero’ was and is baseless. The plans were to expand the existing Islamic community center (Park 51) that already housed a mosque. Another mosque is located just down the street. The area is dotted with porn shops, bars and ‘gentlemen’s clubs’ but no one claimed any of these potentially offensive business establishments would tarnish the memory of those Americans who died in the twin tower attack. The controversy was contrived and born purely out of fear, hatred and willful misunderstanding. â€Å"The site has been the scene of frequent demonstrations in which protesters carry signs saying such things as ‘All I Need to Know about Islam, I Learned on 9/11’" (Nachtwey, 2010). The community center is located in a building not unlike the others that surround it, plain and with no visible markings to indicat e is a religious institution. It is not an imposing edifice complete with colorful, spiraling towers one might picture when imagining a traditional Middle Eastern mosque. The outrage is disingenuous and not about the mosque itself or the pain it might cause the families of people who died on 9-11, which included Muslims as well. This false outrage is a by-product of ignorance, fear and bigotry. â€Å"

Civilization or people Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civilization or people - Term Paper Example This essay attempts to prove that Hannibal’s victory at the Battle of Cannae should be attributed to the Carthaginian general’s tactical brilliance, and not to mere luck (i.e. the Roman army was seriously weakened by earlier battles). If Hannibal had exploited his triumph by attacking Rome, the Roman historian Livy believes, the Romans would have been obliged to bring peace claims. However, Hannibal decided not to attack Rome at the moment. Livy believes that this judgment was the ‘salvation of the Roman state.’1 The Battle of Cannae In 217 BC, Hannibal based his army near the Adriatic coast and kept on destroying villages in southern Italy.2 Polybius recounts that Hannibal was deeply informed of the problems posed by the Italian invasion and was aware that his main predicament would be resources.3 Rome was very weak at the time because of the massive losses it sustained the year prior. Still, Rome assigned Quintus Fabius Maximus as the new leader. Because Hannibal has a mightier cavalry, Fabius rested his army in the hills in order to reverse this advantage, resorting to the attack-retreat strategy. This was shrewd and successful given the changing balance of power after the defeats at Trasimeno and Trebia4: â€Å"The Romans hovered in the vicinity of the Carthaginians, cut off stragglers and foragers, and prevented them from founding a permanent base. The strategy avoided Roman defeat and dimmed Hannibal’s glory. It successfully kept Rome’s allies from declaring for Carthage, but it aroused great opposition among Romans themselves, for their state had thrived on a tradition of offensive warfare.†5 However, this was only a brief success. Fabius tried fearlessly to attack the Carthaginians in Falernia. He made sure that Hannibal was caught off guard. That moment, seeing his position as hopeless, Hannibal brought together all the animals in his encampment. He attached flares to each of them and made them attack the Roman encampment. Fear and bewilderment followed. Masked in darkness, with terror raging in the Roman encampment, Hannibal withdrew his whole army of 70,000 soldiers without any fatality on his side.6 Fabius had successfully held back Hannibal for six months, but the Senate decided to end his tenure as commanding officer and assigned two ambassadors, Varro and Paulus. They had realized that to confront Hannibal with not enough advantage would lead to a definite tragedy. Hence, they amassed a huge army: â€Å"Rome assembled the largest army they had ever placed in the field, eighty thousand infantry, and seven thousand cavalry.†7 Hannibal passed through the Aufidus River. The river was actually a barricade in case of defeat. Hannibal planned to take advantage of this positioning to tempt the Roman army to attack. Another lure, even though unintended, was that all of the elephants of Hannibal had been wiped out. It would be a war between two remarkably trained armed forces, th e Carthaginians being outnumbered by the Roman army.8 Both the Roman and Carthaginian armies were organized in traditional order, the cavalry on both flanks and the infantry in the middle. However, Hannibal placed his less reliable Spanish and Gauls foot soldiers at the forefront, while keeping his powerful African infantry on both flanks. This worked as bait for the attacking Roman army, who attacked the Spaniards and Gauls, pushing them, just like what Hannibal had planned. As a result, the U-shaped Carthaginian formation became bowl-shaped,

Why Is the Initial Consultation so Important Essay Example for Free

Why Is the Initial Consultation so Important Essay During this essay I will be discussing ethics and what ethical issues the therapist faces in relation to initial consultation with the client. What an initial consultation is and why it is so important that one is completed without exception. I will also explore what the process is, what happens at the initial consultation, and how the therapist will gather the required information. I also aim to explore what benefits and contra indications there are for having an initial consultation. According to a thesaurus the word â€Å"Ethics† means: a moral- code, values, principles and beliefs. This definition leads to the question, what is meant by the phrase, â€Å"Ethical therapist†? An ethical therapist within the UK works within the Code of Ethics which was developed from the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy Code of Ethics April 2002. This constitutes of a moral code of principles and values which should always be adhered to whenever the therapist is practising. The Code of Ethics covers for example: 1. Providing a good standard of care, safeguarding both the therapist and client. 2. Only treating clients within your own qualifications   3.  The therapist must attend regular supervision 4. Ensure your client understands the boundaries and limits. 5. Manage the clients’ expectations 6. Conflicts of interest 7. Gaining and keeping trust 8. Ensure that the therapy is â€Å"Client centred† The above points are a brief precis of what the Code of Ethics covers, and are an integral part of the therapists working practice. The therapist must remain professional at all times both in appearance and manner. It is also important to consider the layout of the consulting room to ensure safety for both the client and the therapist. The initial consultation will be the first time the client and therapist meet and first impressions are important to the client and will count. The therapist will have assumptions made about them within the first minutes of meeting. These assumptions will come from the way the client is greeted, the therapist’s pattern and manner of speech and their body language; these assumptions are pivotal to building rapport. A major objective of the initial consultation is for the therapist to assess if this type of therapy is suitable for the client, and whether or ot both client and therapist feel comfortable working with each other while beginning to build a working professional rapport. It is important for the therapist to gather detailed information about the client before embarking on therapy of any kind. As well as taking and recording obvious personal details, name address etc, it is important to probe to discover details about the client’s life, ie hobbies, work, family situation, the client’s GP details and medical history. This is a major factor in the assessment from an ethical point of view, as this alone can determine whether hypnotherapy is suitable for the client. If the client demonstrates reluctance to divulge medical information and/or GP details then it is advisable to ask them to get a letter from their GP stating that hypnotherapy will be suitable. Hypnotherapists treat neurosis not psychosis so it would not be ethical to treat the client with a psychosis. Neurosis is a term used to describe various psychological disorders such as: †¢ Anxiety Disorders – This is an overreaction to normal tolerated stresses †¢ Panic Disorders – Regular panic attacks where the client has no causing heart conditions. †¢ Phobias – A fear that affects the clients’ life Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – The client has unwelcoming or intrusive thoughts or behaviours that they have to carry out †¢ Separation Anxiety – An irrational feeling of separation from parents by the child †¢ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – Symptoms following a disaster †¢ Psychosomatic Disorders – Symptoms of emotions or subconscious cognitions being released, sometimes with increased stress levels †¢ Reactive Depression – Depression that arises from an external event such as bereavement The client will be aware that they have this type of condition and completely aware of reality. Normally these disorders are associated with stress and anxiety but the client is likely to still be able to function within society. Psychoses are identified when the client is unaware that they have a problem. They may have a tendency to blame others or the world as long as it’s not them. There are two types of psychoses: †¢ Functional – This covers schizophrenia, split personalities, bipolar-disorder and delusional or confused states. †¢ Organic – This covers toxins in the body, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, excessive post natal depression and severe PMT. It is unethical for a herapist to treat clients with psychosis if they are not medically trained to do so. It should never be assumed by the therapist what type of psychosis the client is suffering from and an accurate diagnosis should always be obtained. There are many uncertain areas around these neuroses, it must also be understood that they can and may worsen subsequently developing into psychosis. If any of the above neuroses prevail then the doctor’s written consent must be obtained before being able to treat. This consent must also state that the client is not suffering from any form of psychosis. It is important to be aware that some conditions cannot be treated alone and may require specific expertise and specialist work. Extreme caution should be taken by the therapist when assessing if treatment can be given and they should always be prepared to refer the client on to the relevant professionals. Hypnotherapy should not be carried out on clients with certain medical histories or conditions; eg epilepsy. The therapist needs to know all medications the client may be taking; have an understanding as to what these medicines do and any side effects they may have. This should also include any historic medications that have been prescribed. Information can be obtained from the medical history should indicate if the client has any mental health problems. It is a good idea for the therapist to register with the British National Formulary (BNF) to use the drug database to check on medications if there is uncertainty. If the client has any special needs then consent from a guardian should be sought and ideally they should be present during the therapy sessions. It is also essential that the therapist gains a thorough understanding of what the client’s expectations of hypnotherapy are. The client may have previous experience and details should be obtained around the type of therapy received and what this was used for. Any particular styles used and the client’s reactions to these styles. Success of therapy is very important and exploring the client’s previous experiences will reveal barriers and/or successful approaches for this client. If the client has had negative previous experiences then these issues need to be approached carefully. If the client shows signs of not trusting the therapy or believing that it will not work for them the efficacy of the treatment may be compromised. The therapist will need to work on these issues and reassure the client, going onto advise if treatment sessions need to be extended to allow for the situation. It may also be decided that due to negative emotions or pre-conceptions, therapy will not be suitable for the client at this stage. The therapy style and approach should always be explained and discussed with the client. This helps with building trust and rapport and also provides reassurance for the clients with no experience of hypnotherapy. It should always be stressed to the client that they remain in control at all times and that the therapist will always keep the clients moral belief system at the forefront of the therapies conducted. It is important the therapist understands the client’s goal and their reason for seeking therapy. The goal should be discussed during the initial consultation so that it becomes a part of the contract between the client and the therapist. It is imperative that goal must be achievable and tangible. If the initial goal is not realistic, the therapist should explore with the client why it is unachievable and create a realistic goal. Complex goals can be made manageable by breaking the goal down into steps. Whatever the goal is, it must be ensured that it will not have a negative effect on the client’s health The therapist should consider that it is desirable to have a neutral client/therapist relationship; thus avoiding a possible conflict of interest if you know each other either as a friend, neighbour, work colleague or a relative. Working with people you know is best avoided. This is because the client/therapist relationship would rarely be neutral and it would be difficult to foresee whether this would have a beneficial or negative impact on the sessions. Therefore having a duel relationship with the client should be avoided as it may be detrimental to them and would breach the Code of Ethics. It is stated in section 7 of the National Code of Ethics for Hypnotherapists that, â€Å" The practitioner has the right to refuse or terminate any treatment if it is a reasonable belief that it will not be, or continue to be, efficacious. † It is at this point that the therapist should explain fully to clients in advance of any treatment; the fee levels, precise terms of payment and any charges which may incur for non-attendance or cancelled appointments and wherever relevant, confidentiality issues. This means that terms and conditions should be clarified in relation to the specific client’s needs. It should be advised that maybe, for therapeutic reasons, the treatment will need to be modified or extended, this must be discussed and the client must be made aware of the impact of these changes will have on the overall cost of the treatment. All services must be presented to the client in an unambiguous manner, including realistic outcomes of treatment and any limitations, the therapist should not under any circumstances guarantee a cure or successful resolution of the problem . This will ensure that the client has complete control over their decision to buy the services of the therapist and undergo hypnotherapy. At this point in setting the contract, the therapist should ensure all terms and conditions are made accessible to the client as it is ethical for both the client and the therapist’s well being. It must be discussed that everything that happens in the therapy sessions are confidential, however if the client says that they have committed a crime or wants to harm themselves then the therapist should consult their own supervisor for guidance. The therapist should explain that they may discuss their sessions with the therapist’s own supervisor, advising that names will not be mentioned. It is important that the client is fully aware that the therapist also undergoes regular supervision to ensure standards of practice and ethics are being met. There is a question whether to charge for the initial consultation. There are many things to support charging for the first consultation. The fact that the consultation is a vital part in assessing the client and potential therapy indicates that it should carry a charge. However it can seem that charging for this session is unjust if the therapist cannot provide therapy. A possible outcome of not charging is that clients may take advantage of this â€Å"free† time with no intention of seeking further sessions. It is therefore important that the therapist sets out the terms and conditions for the initial consultation, before it starts. I would charge for the first consultation regardless of whether treatment will commences, as this reduces the problems and issues that may occur around free sessions. It also provides some payment for the therapist’s time and ensures neither party is taken advantage of. However I would consider refunding the clients money at my discretion. In conclusion I consider it is imperative for an ethical therapist to gather information around the client’s background and history. There are many significant factors that have to be investigated before hypnotherapy can be carried out on a client and this is why the first consultation is very important regardless of whether it is envisaged that one session will complete the treatment or a series of sessions will be appropriate. A contract between both parties should be made every time a new course of treatment is commenced ensuring the safety of both parties. It must be remembered that the effectiveness of any hypnotherapy treatment heavily relies on the information, insight, rapport and openness of the initial consultation.

The effectiveness of employee performance appraisal

The effectiveness of employee performance appraisal Performance Appraisal and Reward system is viewed as the systemic model that correlates supervisory feedback with the employee behaviour, attitude and motivation (Gomez-Mejia, 2007: p. 21-24). Historically, the Performance Appraisal and Reward system has been viewed as the feedback and critics framework to help the employees in enhancing their productivity and performance by virtue of constructive feedbacks, reviewing and rewarding past performance, setting the future goals, employee motivation, training and growth planning and problem solving/grievance handling (Hall et al. 1989: p. 54-67). However, the Performance Appraisal and Reward system in the modern world has been viewed as the tool for evaluation of productivity and efficiency of employees to determine their standing against the salary increments, bonus, promotions and layoff policies (Andres et al., 2010: p. 1599-1607). This has resulted in very narrow viewpoints about the system by employees (Reinke, 2003: p. 23-27) whereb y some take it negatively as well (Daley, 2007: p. 290-293). But Cook and Crossman (2004: p. 526-541) explained that the satisfaction with the Performance Appraisal and Reward system is better in employees that play the role of both appraiser and appraisee. They further explained that best results are obtained when 360 degree feedback system (appraising the managers) system is practiced by the organisation. This is the problem that the author proposes to address in this research. In the modern era when employees exhibit pessimism about the Performance Appraisal and Reward system (Daley, 2007: p. 290-293) because they consider it as the mere tool for deciding increments, bonuses, promotions and continuity in the company (Andres et al., 2010: p. 1599-1607), what makes it so vibrant in companies like KFC resulting in high employee motivation and reduced attrition (Huck, 2010: p. 1-3)? The proposed topic is: The effectiveness of Employee Performance Appraisal System (EPAC): A case study on KFC. 1.2 Background of the Organisation Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is the highest revenue earning chain restaurant of Yum! Restaurants which is ranked at number 239 on the Fortune 500 list that exceeded global revenues of 11 Billion US Dollars in year 2008. KFC is regarded as the fastest growing brand in chain restaurant segment in the world that operates like a Quick Service Restaurant (QSR) producing good Chicken dishes under the name finger lickin good. (Huck, 2010: p. 1-3) The company was founded as Kentucky Fried Chicken by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952, though the idea of KFCs fried chicken actually goes back to 1930 (Shuker, 2008: p. 8-11). In UK alone, KFC employs more than 22000 people in more than 780 stores across the nation (Huck, 2010: p. 1-3). KFC was regarded as the second best employer on the Britains Top Employers 2010 list. It achieved 3.5/5 stars in Pay and Benefits, 4.5/5 stars in Training and Development and 5/5 stars each in Career Development, Working Conditions and Company Culture in the five attributes rated by CRF Institute in the Britains Top Employers 2010 survey. (Huck, 2010: p. 1-3) KFC has an excellent employee performance measurement system, promoted by parent company Yum! Restaurants. The Champ Card peer rewarding system has been elementary in achieving high motivation and reducing employee turnover. (Corporate Executive Board, 2006: p. 4) 1.3 Purpose of Research Employee Performance Appraisal System (EPAS) is the mechanism of longitudinal (over a period of time) performance management of employees (Smither, 2001: p. 1-7). If designed appropriately, it can result in effective bonding between supervisors and subordinates by virtue of open discussions, appraising strengths and weaknesses of subordinates and the work systems in which they operate, identification of trainings requirements, awareness of future goals, confidence boosting, rewards and recognitions, motivation, etc (Smither, 2001: p. 1-7). The end result can be boost in organisational productivity (Gomez-Mejia, 2007: p. 21-24) and even enhancement of the revenues and profits (Boice and Kleiner, 1997: p. 197-201). But the Performance Appraisal system needs to be designed very effectively and efficiently to ensure that the desired outcomes supporting boost in productivity and hence the revenues and profits can be tangibly achieved (Boice and Kleiner, 1997: p. 197-201). Gabris and Ihrke (2000: 41-44) argued that ineffective measurement systems are going to be questioned by the employees and hence may be unacceptable to them. If ineffective measurement systems are followed, the EPAS will not be perceived to be useful and hence the relationship of participants in review meetings will determine the results and not the actual performance of the employees (Bradley and Ashkanasy, 2001: p. 83-85). In this research, the author wants to learn about how exemplary performance appraisal systems, like the one practiced by KFC, are designed and how are they accurately linked with employee motivation, productivity, and the overall organisational performance. The rewards and recognition system studied by Corporate Executive Board (2006: p. 4) emphasised on the peer relationships, spot reward system for quick wins and celebrating individual and group successes in vibrant ways (like clapping for colleagues, announcing quick wins, giving away Champ Cards, etc.). These attributes are highly advocated by Gabris and Ihrke (2000: 41-44). 1.4 Research Questions Following are the proposed Research Questions for the study: What are the areas of employee performance evaluated by KFC in their EPAS? What are the criteria and performance measures applied in KFCs EPAS? How effective is KFCs EPAS in measuring employees performance? How KFCs EPAS affects motivation and future growth of the employees? What are the scope of improvements in KFCs EPAS? 1.5 Research Objectives Following are the proposed Research Objectives of this study: To study the features of KFCs EPAS and learn the underlying causal factors that contributed to its phenomenal success across the world. To map the learning points from KFCs EPAS with empirical evidences in academic literatures and understand how the academic world have been advocating about such causal factors. Identify new learning points that has not yet been identified by the academic world and discuss about them. Present the value additions from KFC case study to already existing theoretical background in the academic literatures. Present a critical analysis of how KFC can further improve their EPAS by identifying the traits advocated by academic literatures but not prevalent in KFC EPAS. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Gomez-Mejia (2007: p. 21-24) explained that supervisors feedback through performance appraisal systems can result in two types of responses of the employees Cognitive response and Behavioural response. He analysed that dysfunctional feedbacks (ambiguous, one way, inconsistent, judgemental, misdirected, coinciding with salary increments, etc.) can cause uncooperative cognitive response and reduced employee performance and functional feedbacks (job related, two way, explicit, consistent, clear, not linked with salary increments, etc.) can result in goal oriented cognitive response and improved employee performance Gomez-Mejia (2007: p. 22). Hence, the most effective systems of appraising performance are: functional, relevant, uniform and consistent. Pragmatism is important because it helps to ensure that the system will be easily understood by employees and effectively put into action by managers (Gomez-Mejia (2007: p. 22-24). Drawing upon arguments by Briscoe Schuler (2004: p. 5-57) performance can be viewed as a combination of several factors, such as motivation, ability, working conditions and expectations. It has been established that there are certain factors that affect employees performance more than others. These factors, according to Dowling et al (1999: p. 4-29), include the compensation package, the nature of task, support from higher management, the working environment and the overall corporate culture. In this chapter, the author has presented an organised literature review to analyse how the case study of KFC can be supported by the theoretical foundation already established by empirical theories. In essence, the research instrument can only be designed with the help of such theoretical foundation as explained by Saunders et al. (2007: p. 44-50). 2.2 Elements of Employee Performance Evaluation Traditionally, performance appraisal of employees has been viewed as the psychological test bed for employees that comprises of critics ratings, decision making on rewards and recognitions, deciding amount of salary increments, deciding future expectations, deciding continuity in the company, deciding promotions, measuring the alignment with departmental and organisational goals, etc (Elmuti et al., 1992: p. 42-48). The modern performance appraisal system is linked with quality improvement philosophies of the organisation that was originally conceptualised by Deming (Elmuti et al., 1992: p. 44-45). However, Levy and Williams (2004: p. 881-889) argued that the modern performance appraisal theories have travelled a long way to transition from mere enforcement tool of organisational objectives and quality targets to the system that influences the overall corporate culture and social system. This shall be very much evident in the case study of KFC where the EPAS is viewed to be contribut ing positively to the congenial and highly vibrant work environment in the organisation (Huck, 2010: p. 1-3). 2.3 Link between EPAS, Performance Measures and Staff Motivation EPAS can directly contribute to staff motivation if it is perceived to be fair, transparent, clear, consistent, continuous, bilateral and development oriented (Kavanagh et al., 2007: p. 132-137; Boice and Kleiner, 1997: p. 197-201). As reiterated by Boice and Kleiner (1997: p. 197-201) and Gomez-Mejia (2007: p. 21-24), discrete, one-sided, ambiguous, misdirected, and judgemental appraisals are perceived to be unfair and result in negative cognitive response, demotivation and reduced performance of employees. Boice and Kleiner (1997: p. 198-199) argued that surprises during annual performance reviews may result in retaliation by employees given that they deserve the right to avail continuous feedback. OConnor et al. (2010: p. 729-735) described that performance measures need to be realistic, practical and transparent to the employees such that positive cognitive and behavioural responses can be achieved. The objective of performance appraisal system should be to motivate the employees to achieve highest performance levels against the measures and not get threatened by the measures perceiving that they may be used against them if supervisor is not happy OConnor et al. (2010: p. 729-735). 2.4 KFCs EPAS in measuring performance and motivating their staff KFC has highly congenial and highly vibrant work environment. KFCs EPAS is designed on peer recognition model in which employees can recognise each other by giving away champion cards against quick wins. This is also carried out vertically in which juniors can reward seniors and vice versa. Such on the job recognitions are mapped with the corporate goals and values. This system in KFC meets the SSMART objectives: supports organisational goals and values, simple and sincere, meaningful, adaptable, relevant and timely. (Huck, 2010: p. 1-3; Corporate Executive Board, 2006: p. 2-4) 2.5 Effects of KFCs EPAS on KFC performance and competitive advantages The reports by Huck (2010: p. 1-3), KFC Holdings (Malaysia) Annual Report (2009: p. 8-9) and Corporate Executive Board (2006: p. 2-4) revealed that the key competitive advantage of KFC is the high employee retention and productivity against close rivals like McDonalds. KFC has been rewarding their high performing employees consistently and have been able to retain talents by virtue of their on-the-spot recognition scheme. 2.6 Conclusions The EPAS system should ensure congruence between organisational goals and employee performance and hence cannot be achieved in discrete form (like annual reviews). It has to be continuous and on-the-job. The model by KFC is closely linked with the theories presented by Gabris and Ihrke (2000: 41-44), Kavanagh et al. (2007: p. 132-137) and Boice and Kleiner (1997: p. 197-201) that advocated transparency, consistency, bidirectional, fostering trust relationships, strengthening the colleagues on-the-job, setting of good examples, celebration of quick wins, heart to heart recognition by individuals, and celebration of group success as the key objectives of EPAS that can finally result in high employee motivation and corporate productivity. 2.7 Conceptual Framework The author proposes to conduct interpretive study in which the outcomes of the primary research shall be categorised, classified, and tagged appropriately such that wise interpretations can be drawn and compared with the theoretical foundation of past empirical studies. The author shall compare responses to all questions with the literature review, one-to-one, such that close correlation with the past theories can be framed. Gaps in KFCs EPAS against past theories and vice versa will be identified such that the conclusions and recommendations can be drawn. This approach is called qualitative interpretive study as described by Saunders et al. (2007: p. 44-107). Also Wolcott et al. (2002: p. 85-90) termed this approach as critical thinking research. This is further explained in the next chapter. 3.0 Research Design 3.1 Introduction AERA (2003: p. 2-11) emphasised that Research Design is the collection of various attributes of conducting the research that helps in making the study more focussed, purposive, unbiased, valid, reliable and ethical. Further to this, Bryman and Bell (2003: p. 3-45) described that Research Design begins with the philosophical approach that the author wants to take and leads to appropriate choices of methodology, approach, methods, instruments, sampling methods, data collection and analysis methods, pilot design and ethical considerations. The discussions follow. 3.2 Research Philosophy and Methodology Bryman and Bell (2003: p. 3-45) described that two philosophies are most prevalent in social and business research studies positivism and interpretivism. Positivists try to prove theories through research whereas interpreters try to learn theories through research. Hence, positivists always begin with hypotheses formulation and try to accept and reject them based on outcomes of study whereas interpreters begin with research questions and try to address them through learning from research. Hence, positivists always prefer scientific and objective research whereas interpreters prefer observational research, action research, descriptive research and critical thinking research. (Bryman and Bell, 2003: p. 3-45) Saunders et al. (2007: 44-107) described that positivists normally prefer quantitative research because it only takes numbers as inputs and comprises of scientific methods (like mathematical modelling, experimentation, statistical analysis, etc.) (Bryman, 2004: p. 59-77) whereas interpreters prefer qualitative research because it can take any form of inputs (text, numbers, pictures, etc.) and comprises of interpretive, analytical thinking and observational methods (Bryman and Bell, 2003: p. 3-24). The author perceives that positivists can frame hypotheses because they are seasoned experts in their respective subject matters and are very confident about what they want to prove. The author is an amateur in performance appraisal and hence wants to conduct this research to learn the best practices of EPAS from KFC and map them with literatures. Keeping this approach in mind, the author has selected interpretive philosophy with qualitative research. 3.3 Research Approach 3.3.1 Inductive Approach Qualitative researchers welcome any form of valid inputs (like text, numbers, pictures, voice recording, observations, experiences, etc.) and hence carry out inductive approach of learning (Bryman and Bell, 2003: p. 21-45). Given that the author has selected qualitative research, he wants to adopt inductive learning approach. 3.3.2 Deductive Approach Quantitative researchers only entertain numerical inputs that are applied in experimental setups or mathematical and statistical models to derive the outputs. The model of learning is in the form of P à   Q, where P is independent variable and Q is dependent variable and à   denotes the processor between P and Q. This is called deductive approach of learning. (Bryman and Bell, 2003: p. 21-45) The author has not adopted this approach because the methodology chosen is Qualitative. 3.4 Research Methods 3.4.1 Techniques and instruments Qualitative research is conducted using grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology and action research techniques. Grounded theory employs learning from past theories, ethnography employs human observation and analysis, phenomenology employs learning from human experience and action research employs learning by participation and involvement. Grounded theory doesnt employ any specific instrument, ethnography employs observation charts, phenomenology employs structured and semi structured questionnaire and action research employs cause-effect charts. (Thompson and Walker, 1998: p. 63-69) The author wants to study EPAS by capturing human experiences (employees at KFC) and hence has proposed the choice of phenomenology with structured questionnaire. As described by Thompson and Walker (1998: p. 63-69), structured questionnaire helps in reducing bias and improving validity because the respondents are closely tied to the context of the questions. These reasons supported the authors choice of structured questionnaire. 3.4.2 Data Sampling, collection and analysis The author has chosen purposive sampling against quota sampling, convenience sampling and snowball sampling. Purposive sampling deals with mapping each possible candidate with pre-determined qualification criteria. Quota sampling deals with purposive sampling for multiple populations with different pre-determined criteria sets, convenience sampling deals with choosing respondents by virtue of ease of access and snowball sampling deals with testing purposive sampling against multiple pre-determined criteria sets and expanding the one that is most relevant. The data collection shall be cross sectional (not tagged with historical significance) and the data analysis shall be interpretive with critical thinking approach. This is further explained in the Reflections chapter. (Cooper and Schindler, 2003: p. 34-109). 3.4.3 Pilot Study As reiterated by Saunders et al. (2007: p. 52-63), pilot study can be very useful to enhance the quality of the instrument and test the interpretations of respondents and validity of the questions asked. It also helps in measuring time taken in conducting interviews. The author proposes to conduct pilot study among few friends and request for constructive feedback to enhance the questionnaire. 3.5 Conclusions The author has proposed to conduct the study employing interpretive philosophy, qualitative methodology, inductive learning approach, phenomenology technique, purposive sampling, cross sectional data collection and interpretive data analysis with critical thinking approach. 3.5.1 Validity and Reliability The validity and reliability shall be assured by carefully designing the structured questionnaire instrument and conducting pilot study to test and enhance it. The structured questionnaire instrument shall be based on the review of most relevant literatures and will be aligned with the research questions and objectives. 3.5.2 Generalisability Although the findings shall be applicable to KFC (due to case study approach), the author shall closely map the findings with the outcomes of the literature review to achieve generalisations. 4.0 Access and Resource Implications 4.1 Access to Subjects The author has access to employees in KFC given his association with the organisation. The study shall be conducted on selected employees of KFC outlets in London after obtaining permission from the Restaurant Managers. 4.2 Ethical Considerations The research shall be conducted in transparent manner keeping the rationale of study very clear to all respondents and the Restaurant Managers. The willingness to participate will be obtained from all respondents prior to starting the study. No deception shall be carried out in any form or shape. In addition, the author shall ensure that the emotional aspects, beliefs and ethnic/religious origin will be highly respected in the process of conducting the study. Moreover, the author shall honour the intellectual properties of literature sources by using Harvard referencing. 4.3 Resources The author proposes to conduct the study alone although volunteers are always welcome. The author plans to conduct face to face interviews and hence will have to bear travel expenses to all outlets and distribute the questionnaire in printed format. The theoretical foundation established from literature review shall be the primary resource that will help in accurate mapping with primary research and critical thinking. 5.0 Proposed Action Plan The author proposes the following action plan for the study. The weeks are proposed to be counted from the day the author gets a go-head from his supervisor to proceed with the study. The overall project shall be completed in eight weeks including weekends whereby the author has planned to dedicate about four hours per day to the study except the Week 6 in which the author may have to work for eight to ten hours a day to secure access to all respondents and conduct the interviews. The author has planned to conduct this entire research alone although volunteers to extend helping hand will always be welcomed. Activity Weeks WK1 WK2 WK3 WK4 WK5 WK6 WK7 WK8 The chapter 1 comprising of research context, aim and objectives, research questions and research structure design will be completed. The author shall conduct extensive research on various journal articles, past research reports, peer reviewed internet sites, books etc. and prepare the list of relevant literatures that shall be included in the References section. The author shall complete Literature Review Chapter (2) and Research Design and Methodology chapter (3). The author shall conduct purposive sampling to select respondents, design the questionnaire and conduct the interviews. (parts of chapter 4) The author shall interpret the responses, map with literature review, discuss the mappings critically and them present the conclusions and generalisations. (Parts of Chapter 4 and the entire Chapter 5). 6.0 Reflections on Learning As explained by Evans (2007: p. 1-4), the research is closely implicated with the ethics, values and cultural identity of the researcher. The philosophical considerations of the research is closely linked with what the researcher wants to achieve out of the study. Evans (2007: p. 104) and Cornish et al. (2007: p. 1-16) further described that the researcher may like to conduct research to study a problem area in depth that he/she wants to address in future, to closely study and understand the subject matter where he/she wants to build his career, discover the solutions to problems that has been bothering him/her for a long time, prove the existence of some theories or correlations between some variables that he/she has discovered during his/her experience in this world, to promote the light of education and learning, etc. The learning methods in research has often clashed in the past like the epistemological oppositions between Interpretivism and Positivism that has been prevailing f or ages (Lorenz, 1998: p. 309-316). The interpreters have been largely depending upon human analytics skills and positivists have been largely depending upon scientific evidence of existing phenomena in natural sciences (Lorenz, 1998: p. 309-316). But Bowden (2005: p. 4-52) and Irez (2007: p. 17-27) presented very unique reflection that can diminish all conflicts and standoffs among different believers. He explained that every researcher wants to know the truth and hence it doesnt matter how he/she knows the truth as long as he is able to get to it. The truth always more important than beliefs of individuals (Irez (2007: p. 18-19). If this is the case then why shouldnt we forget all the conflicts and employ the best of all philosophies and methodologies? He analysed that this thought approach may be correlated with the philosophy of Realism which is neither linked with positivism nor with interpretivism. Every research is in fact the relationship between subjects and aspects of the world. This is what comprises of the truth. One may like to know the truth by engaging with the subjects (interpretivism) or with the aspects of the world (positivism) or with both (realism). This can be understood from the following figure presented by Bowden (2005): Figure 1: The concept of Realism presented by Bowden (2005) The outcome may be descriptive, analytical or critical thinking. In descriptive outcome, the researcher may like to describe the outcomes to build a new theory, in analytical outcome the researcher may like to analyse the outcomes with respect to past theories and in critical thinking outcome the researcher may like to critically think on existing perceptions or existing ways of thinking and compare with the research outcomes to evolve the similarities and differences. (Bowden, 2005: p. 4-52; Wolcott et al., 2002: p. 85-103) As described by Wolcott et al. (2002: p. 85-103), critical thinking is a human skill that is developed by cognitive thinking and analysis (learning from the tangible evidences with a wider out of box thinking approach). It neither involves open ended interpretations nor a blind belief on experimentation or simulation results. The researcher applies cognitive thinking to all the outputs by comparing with multiple valid evidences (inputs) without showing any bias towards a particular type of input. The author has adopted critical thinking approach in this study. In this approach the author shall first develop theoretical foundation about the EPAS framework by browsing through various research reports, journal articles, books, peer reviewed Internet sources, etc. and short-listing the most relevant resources with respect to the research questions and research objectives. The structured questionnaire shall be an outcome of the theoretical foundation formed with the help of the literature review and shall be closely aligned with all the research questions. The responses of structured questionnaire will be closely mapped with the literature review by interpreting and analyzing the outcomes of each question independently and comparing with the theoretical foundation. The differences and similarities between the literature review outcomes and the structured questionnaire outcomes will be evolved by following critical thinking approach and finally the conclusions, recommendations and generalisations will be presented. The author believes in knowing the truth and hence is highly influenced with the realism philosophy. However, interpretivism has been selected in the research design because the author is not a subject matter expert of EPAS and hence wants to learn it by following the inductive learning approach. In future, the author wants to develop his career as human resources manager and hence wants to learn the best practices of EPAS thoroughly given that the author perceives it to be the most difficult challenge in human resources management given that the recipients are the agents that are highly impacted by the EPAS framework. In general, the author wants to develop his skills pertaining to focussed research, discovering the sources of information, finding the truth, critical analytics and deriving specific and general conclusions. These skills are very important in human resources management field because all policies and procedures (like the EPAS framework) are results of reflections from the employee surveys and measurement of their performance at work (Bradley and Ashkanasy, 2001: p. 83-96). The framework itself is meaningless if the criteria of measurements, evaluations and decision making is not understood and accepted by both the parties the appraisers and the appraisees. If the author achieves the role of Human Resources Manager, he perceives that two way communications based on research efforts and fact finding efforts will be key to success and accurate data and information will be the key driver to successful HR planning and implementation, especially in designing the EPAS framework. These skil ls can be generated with the help of this study. Finally, the author wants to reiterate that he will take the learning to his professional world and apply them as actionable outcomes, not only to practice his profession efficiently and effectively but also conduct more academic research studies in future. This study is expected to be very useful for students as well as professionals.

Canterbury Tales Comparison :: essays papers

Canterbury Tales Comparison "If gold rusts, what shall iron do" (502)? This question seems to be the basis of the comparison between the parson and the reeve. One, a good man on the inside and out, the other, a wonderful fascade to hide his true personality. Althgough completely different, one tries to imitate the other to make himself appear a good man. The parson embodied what a preacher of the Lord should be. He was honest, kind, truthful, "benign, and wonderfully diligent" (485). Although he was a righteous man eh did not belittle or condemn those who were not as holy as he was. However he woudl highly scold those who were "obstinate" (523). He was a man who practied what he preached and led people not by his words, but his good actions. He would even give the poor parishoners some of his own moeney and possessions. He felt that it was imporrible "to find a filthy shepherd and a clean sheep" (506) and that if he was a priest (a man who is closer to God than most) is corrupt, then how could he expect his parishoners to be honest? There is no counter representation for the parson because with all of the good deeds he has done for others, when Chaucer says he believes "there is not better priest anywhere" (526) he believes it to be true, and so does the reader. The reeve was a thin, "choleric" (589) man. He was very clever and wilely, and could not be tricked by other. He was very knowledgable about about predicting what the yeild of his crops would be. Most people were afraid of him and he had a plesant home in a meadow. It would seem that he would have a sort of unhappy dreary home, but that was not the case. A lot of his master's properties were under his control and power, and he tricked his lorfd into getting most things. He would lend and sell the lords own properties back to him, and he privately had more riches than his lord. He also learned the trade of being a craftsman and a carpenter at a young age. However wicked the reeve may be on the inside, he tries to make others see him as a good man.