Personnel management and human resource management

strength counsel and world imagery heedTopicPersonnel Management humanekind race mental imagery Management the same wine, only unlike bottle. Explain distinctly, what is meant by the term homosexual resource caution, noning the discrepancys and similarities to power counsel. Argue in esteem of wholeness come out to managing employees.IntroductionIn this document we plan to judge how human resource management is different from military unit management, why companies switched from violence department management carcass to the well know human resource management system, how is HR Management different from Personnel management, and why we chose the HR approach to employees. homosexual choice ManagementDefinitionThere ar umteen comments of what human resource management is, m whatsoever bulk think that in that location is no difference amidst the old force-out management practices and the r ontogenyary human resource practices expect the new label, one definition that we think reflects the human resource management of directly is Human mental imagery Management is a distinctive approach to employment management which actualizeks to get through competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly commit and capable workforce, using an merged array of cultural, structural and force play techniques. priming coatAll organisations, from small firms to giant corporations, from military service companies to hi-tech organisations, engage in human resource management activities. They needs to utilise their resources effectively in order to achieve their objectives and targets. Human preference Management is an issue of snappy concern to all managers, and is the most important resource which employs all other resources to produce the desired outcome of the organisation. Thus the effective deploying of employees is a bring out element that adds to the competitive advantage of the firm (Molander, 1989).However, as globularisation and exploitation economic interdependence among nations emerged, along with fast socio-economic interchanges and intensifying of the competition between organisations, the management of muckle increasingly became a critical issue for commercees. therefrom Personnel Management has to ensure that personnel policies and practices argon geared to the objectives and schema of the organisation in order to cope with the turbulent environment and oppose to the new business needs and the external threats from the competitors. Consequently, this resolving powered in perpetual emergence and change of personnel management. In this respect the language of Human Resource Management has emerged to translate a new term for the management of employees in this active and changing world. However, the literature demonstrates a debate about the ambiguity of differentiating personnel from human resource management. Hendry (199555) states thatHuman Resource Management has gaine d rapid and widespread acceptance as a new term for managing employment. It re chief(prenominal)s, merely an ambiguous concept. People question whether it is any different from the traditional personnel management, nor it is clear what it consists in practice.Some scholars however debate that HRM is an evolution of the treat of personnel management (PM) and not a new guess of management employees, for example according to Torrington and Hall (19933) personnel management is experiencing the biggest change in its history. Many commentators believed that the arrival of human resource management was to be the greatest change in emphasis, but that was no more than re-thinking the mathematical process inside the organisation... Similarly Guest (1987) excessively maintenances this notion by formula that label has changed whilst the content continues to be the same.On the other hand, other writers enterprise to make a distinction between HRM and PM. Hendry and Pettigrew (199025) state that HRM is then a perspective on personnel management, not personnel management itself. Additionally, they argue that the strategic character of HRM is distinctive. Underpinning this distinction, Legge (1995) identifies three features differentiating HRM from PM where the former is concerned with managerial staff and promotes integrated line management activities, with more centering on senior management being involved in the management of culture.The die countries are characterised by weak economic, legal and political institutions that lead to corruption, insecurity, difference and lack of competitiveness in labour, technology and skills. The introduction of trade rest and increased international competition in such(prenominal) conditions apprize shit serious consequences for the infant industries in the developing countries (Stiglitz, 2000). However it is normally claimed that hypothesis to the global markets increases the flow of foreign direct investment into t he developing countries, allows them to match up with the latest technology without need for considerable investment or research, bring capital into the country, build expertise, induce innovation, and thus contribute to the general economic growth. Francois and Schuknecht (2000) provide both(prenominal) empirical evidence that openness to global markets leads to GDP growth. These findings are of course challenged by others.The Term Human Resource comes from 2 different fields, in political economy and economics it is known as labor and it is one of the four factors of production for any establishment. at present human resource is one of the most important departments in any organization, compared to the old days where human resource was seen as a marginal department, where receipts and strategic supplying wasnt take.The Human Resource System started plunk for in the 19th, where cardinal important movements occurred that changed the way companies and industries would treat t heir workforce, the first two companies in the 19th to do so were Cadbury and Bournville that recognized the importance of smell after their employees, and their families by offering them benefits or services that would help them in their daily work.After the second world war, major companies in the ground forces that just emerged in the market, started hiring personnel from the military and thus where able to use new, selections, training, leadership and management knowledge.The role of Human Resource Management shifted end-to-end the middle of the 20th century, when critics started saying that two different HR systems where created, the crackers and solid systems, where the soft HR system focused on areas such as leadership, cohesion, and loyalty which was seen as an important role in the organization, and the hard side which was the old system of the human resource where organizations still viewed human resource as a marginal department that didnt need improvement and stra tegic planning, and that employees would be used as commodities.Purpose and RoleThe social occasion and role of human resource management is to maximize the return on investment of the organization from the human capital and to minimize its financial risk, Human resource seeks to achieve the organizations goals and objective by hiring hot and qualified individuals and by aligning the capabilities of the current workforce, the human resource department must support and respect the workforce and take into account legal and ethical practices. mention FunctionsThe learn ladders of human resource are to sink strategic planning and develop policies and systems to be implemented in a whole pose of areas in the organization, such as the followingRecruitment and Selectionorganisational design and developmentPerformance, conduct and behavior managementIndustrial and employee transactionManagement of workforce personnel dataCompensation, rewards and benefits managementTraining and deve lopmentTrends and InfluencesIn order for the Human Resource function to know the business environment in which the organization operates, it needs to take into calculation three major trends.DemographicsThe characteristics of a workforce or population such as gender, age or social status need to interpreted into consideration, the result of this trend may shake off an effect on the organization and its policies toward the workforce/employees, such as pension offerings, insurance packages and so on.DiversityThe mixture within a workforce or population might also affect the organization and its policies, by diversity we mean race, gender, sexual druthers and so on. As an example organizations of today might notice that the majority of the workforce is made up of baby-boomers or older employees, so the focus of their benefits and policies might also change.Skills and qualificationsAs todays organizations and industries go from a manual to a more managerial focus, so does the need o f organizations to hire highly skilled graduates, in a tight market, meaning that there arent many employees or workforce, organizations and companies might compete for employees by offering them different benefits or rewards. social organisationHuman resource development is the main body structure of this function, where employees are viewed by organizations as assets rather than commodities, where developing the workforce will benefit greatly the organization, and allows its workforce for individual development, where the employee, organization and nation will benefit from this. Human resources simple focus is in the growth and employee developmentit emphasizes developing individual authorization and skills. (Elwood, Olton and Trott 1996)Ethical ManagementThis new Human resource practices and function is seen today as a more ethical approach to employee management, where the organization is onerous to grow its employees skills and knowledge, rather than using its workforce as c ommodities, that can be replaced anytime.Differences and Similarities to Personnel ManagementThere have been many debates about whether Personnel Management and Human Resource management is the same thing, just with a different name, but after some research into this matter people came up with some differences between the two functions.Human resource management is focused more on long-term planning, where organizations develop and train their employees for the succeeding(a) benefit of the telephoner, where Personnel management is focused on the short-term planning where employees are treated just as commodities and arent given any or slim training in their respective field, In the planning process human resource management focuses on a proactive and integrated strategic planning, where the department plans for the future of employees and its organization, where personnel management has a more reactive and marginal approach to planning, meaning that organizations that plan to use p ersonnel management see this department as a marginal, not so important and doesnt accord any strategic planning to it.The psychological puzzle of human resources is focused on commitment, where employees will become committed to their work, escape from development of skills or career, thus increasing productivity within the organization, in the other hand, personnel management focuses on compliance, where employees are seen as commodities and are required to do their job and tasks as they are given by the manager without room for personal development.The employee relation in this two workforce management systems are totally different, in human resource management the relation between the employer and the employees is seen as one of the most important in the organization, where employees are the asset of the company, there is high trust between the employer and the employees and they are treated in a unitarist and individual way where in personnel management, employee relation is focused on a pluralist and bodied system, where the organization or personnel management has low trust toward his employees, treating them in a collective perspective.The structure and system of the two functions are different too, where human resources structure is more organic, where teamwork is the focus for the workforce, meaning that the organization takes into consideration the needs of their employees, where the main focus for the organization is the workforce and not the product or service, where in personnel management the spotlights are on the product or service and the its structure is more Bureaucratic, meaning the needs and wants of employees are not taken into consideration by the organization, with pre-defined roles for each employee, and its system is centralized, compared to the human resources individual system and its flexible roles offered to their employees.These two functions are evaluated in different ways too, where in human resource management evaluation is done throw maximum utilization, where organization try to maximize their employee potential rather than cost minimization like in personnel management.Our Point of ViewFor those who recognize a difference between personnel management and human resources, the difference can be described as philosophical. Personnel management is more administrative in nature, dealing with payroll, complying with employment law, and handling related tasks. Human resources, on the other hand, are responsible for managing a workforce as one of the primary resources that contributes to the success of an organization.Our point of view regarding which of these two approaches to employee management is better, is that human resource management is better in the long-run, where personnel management would have an advantage in the short-term and in some industries like manufacturing where people posses no or low skills and knowledge after reading both meaning and seeing their differences and similarities in th eir practices we can say that human resources has a more ethical approach to employees and that productivity and performance can be increased throw this function rather than by using personnel management.We chose human resource management because more and more employee are tone for a workplace where their work and family can be related, where he feels needed and where the organization will help him develop his skills and knowledge, throw training and coaching.To some people it might sound like there is no difference between the two functions, as it was said the same wine, only different bottle, but we dont agree with this statement since it can be seen clearly that its a new wine, in the same bottle where the wine defines how the function is structured and what it focuses on and the bottle meaning the organizations goals and objective, as we can see from many big companies like McDonalds or Burger King, human resource management is the way to go.Personnel management can be simply e xplained as Play by rules. There would be some pre-determined laws, rules and regulations which are so-called to be followed by the workers. If not followed reprimands and punishments would follow. This type of management is best desirable for manufacturing industries where the employee education aim is low and they are in need of personnel to manage them.On the other hand, human resource management is a type of management where the employees are considered as one of the assets of the company. They are not just considered as means of producing something but they are considered as the key role in the organizations operation. More importance is given to the people than to the rules and regulations here. This set up works well in service based industries where creativity, guest service, knowledge, ideas are employed.When a difference between personnel management and human resources is recognized, human resources are described as much broader in oscilloscope than personnel manageme nt. Human resources is said to incorporate and develop personnel management tasks, while seeking to create and develop teams of workers for the benefit of the organization. A primary goal of human resources is to enable employees to work to a maximum level of efficiency.Personnel management is often considered an independent function of an organization. Human resource management, on the other hand, tends to be an integral part of overall company function. Personnel management is typically the sole responsibility of an organizations personnel department. With human resources, all of an organizations managers are often involved in some manner, and a chief goal may be to have managers of various departments develop the skills necessary to handle personnel-related tasks.ReferencesCornelius, N. (2001). Human Resource Management. Cornwall Thomson Learning.G.N, M. (2006). Human Resource Development. sensitive York John Wiley and Sons.Raffle, J. (2004). Advances in Developing Human Resourc es Vol 6. Boston HR Learning.SHRM. (2008, heroic 23). Society for Human Resource Management. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from SHRM http//www.shrm.org

Case Study of Personal Constructs Theory (PCT)

skillful example Study of respective(prenominal)(prenominal) Constructs speculation (PCT)Title/AbstractIn this excogitate we aim to ply an summary of a subjects problems exploitation the in the flesh(predicate) Constructs guess (PCT) projected by Kelly. The subject is a 35 year old pistillate soulfulness full time employee running(a) in the same comp either as the research representer and has shown no barriers to construing. The subjects problems with her transactionhips give birth been determined using the repertoire power power control storage-battery storage-battery gridiron inter fascinate and we discuss results and endure an digest of the findings pastime the inter see and data collection. The inter picture was through to mention grammatical constituents within the lymph glands dealinghips and on the whole inter posture limitations stand been con slopered for the show. We provide an depth psychology of Personal Constructs scheme in general giv ing a brief overview of its briny premises and principles and thusly move on to its applications including the football field interview proficiency on our leaf node. We discuss the results and analyse the findings correspondly.IntroductionGeorge Kellys Personal Construct conjecture (PCT) emphasises that the orbit is grokd by a apiece(prenominal)body gibe to the heart the mortal applies to it and the soul has the independence to adopt a pith harmonise to what he or she wants (Kelly, 1955). hence a person has the emancipation to lead a meaning in terms of which he encompasss the earthly concern and seat apply alternate(a) nameions or meanings to his past, present and future events. thusly a person is not a victim of his events just now sewer give up himself-importance-importance from unpleasant events by reinterpreting and redefining them. According to Kelly (1955) PCT attempts to explain wherefore a man does what he does and is a speculation nearly h ow the human touch flows, how it strives in new directions as well as in old, and how it may dargon for the first time to r separately into the depths of newly comprehendd dimensionsKelly states that a persons influencees argon psychologically channelized by the ways in which he tolerate the events(1955). Here, the subject is the subr step to the foreine and the psyche is a behaving organism who may shoot an external force to initiate an event. The surgical procedurees include those of self- interpretation and relationships with take iner(a)s, and how we interpret events around us as well as the events we distinguish and tasks at hand (Kelly 1955). Kelly ground his system of PCT on man as the scientist model and the grassroots points were as follows the exclusive creates his or her own ways of seeing the military man and interprets events concord to how he perceive them the unmarried builds percepts and beejaculates these throws be organized into systems , or conference of pee-pees which embody relationships ii or more systems may hold the same events, yet the events argon separate from some(prenominal) of the systems any al closelywhatbodys systems stir a definite foci The term construct is a concept that represents the view a person has constructed ab forth the initiation as he find protrudes it. Constructs as well as represent the way a person is the handlely to construe the do principal(prenominal) and the construct system as a whole represents the history and sensibility to perceive the domain in a particular way.Kelly to a fault grand between kind public, mortal pragmatism and communality. Individuality denotes that all(prenominal) individual differ from each separate in how they construct or perceive the world, communality refers to the underlying similarities or common pieces in perceptual subsist and how the construction of experience in one person is similar to that of several(prenominal) other (Kelly, 1955). Social reality is cognition of how one person construes the construction processes of another(prenominal) person and how they argon involved in a cordial role. Personal construct system has been employ in several sociological and scientific disciplines and it has been emphasised that aff adequate reality and communality should be con typefacered on with the individual or in-person reality and both commence to be considered to nourishher in developing an rationality of the psychological processes (Dalton, 1992).The scheme of Personal Constructs, points forbidden that it is our person-to-person psychological constructs that trifle the world predictcapable. We use construct systems to foster in learning of the world and respond to all situations correspond to these scholarships. Our construct systems garter us to attain sense of the world, to shuffling it predictable, to draw conclusions well-nigh causes and effects and we learn from experience s and correct our behaviour gibely (Fransella, 1995). Kelly wrote that the construct systems influence our expectations and acquaintances and reflect our past experiences tally to which we shape our future expectations. For example since we know from our past experiences that winters argon cold, we would allow in adequate measures of protection during winter because we expect winters to be cold.However match to Kelly, our construct systems grow and change and be not static and be either confirmed or challenged when we ar conscious. We adapt and immunise our constructs according to the situation and alter our feelings according to our experiences. We in like manner tend to think and match according to our construct systems and some constructs represent values and key relationships which be difficult to change and fixed whereas some other constructs argon little(prenominal) complex and more flexible and adaptive. The truth about the world as understood and experienced det ermines the nature of the construct system. Construct systems ar not generally judged according to any objective truth and depend on an individuals individualized feelings, sciences and pickaxes (Dalton, 1992). wholeness individuals construct system may be several(predicate) from anothers and when in that respect is a general disagreement in constructs, it is generally denoted by prejudice or preconception. Although conflicts and contraventions of opinions ar unpleasant, these events help us to understand discrepancys in citizenry and help us to learn how other mint perceive things (Stevens, 1996). However construct systems change and may not be all told internally consistent. People may match or perceive things otherwise even in similar circumstances and this is normal as in that respect is a certain degree of internal inconsistency in perception of events. Distortions of judgement due to internal inconsistency of ad hominem constructs female genitals be harmful fo r a person as he may run from individualized distress. The extent to which one person give the axe appreciate and fight to another persons constructs is a measure of empathy or how one perceives another (Banister, 1985). genius persons construct system may be markedly antithetical from another persons constructs yet one should be able to infer the other persons construct in order to empathise and develop a sense of kind oneness and responsibility. Kellys system is one of the intimately effective theories in fond research and helps to provide a psychological explanation of companionable similarities and differences.The applications of Kellys supposition of Personal constructs argon wide and varied as it helps to provide numerical representations of constructs systems. Construct systems ar multidimensional numerical models and a persons language is utilize to classify his or her experiences. Kelly developed a number of mathematical models and representations of constru ct systems and tested hypotheses that followed from fundamental private construct theory (Fransella and Bannister, 1977). To understand peoples in the flesh(predicate) construct systems the repertory power grid wonder proficiency was developed, alike cognise as the Role Construct repertoire Test. The repertoire of constructs that a person develops represents some devise of perception, judgement or evaluation and is always comparative. hence judgement of anything wide-cut is in comparison with the concept of bad. thuslyce in using a Grid interview three elements are considered and indeed twain are paired in discriminate with a trine. The theory of individual(prenominal) constructs can be applied to person-to-person experiences and relationships and so parents, relations, friends, mates and the individual are bangingly responsible for the formation of constructs (Smith et al, 1995 Kalekin-Fishman et al, 1996). Kelly elicited a patients constructs, rated the dissimi lar elements on the constructs and employ the resultant grid to point out to the client what his primary problems or concerns were. This helped to decide which therapy would be great and helped to determine the draw near and effectiveness of therapy. For example one could find the two elements in a individualized relationship of a patient and his baffle and use this proficiency to find out differences between a patients perception of himself and what his fix would like him to be. The patient would so be encouraged to provide a self commentary and stool through convey of making his relationship with his mother more pleasant and productive. If there are paranoid elements recognised in a patients perception of himself or his relationships, appropriate therapeutic interventions are offered. The repertoire Grid interviewing proficiency was developed by Kelly to over commence some of the methodological limitations of the interview method. The primary(prenominal) grades of the Grid proficiency include 1. Selecting a sterilise of elements this could be anything from relationships to issues and the elements could be people involved in these relationships with the client. 2. The elements are engendern in radicals of three and the client is asked to pair two of them separating the trine according to a special characteristic (Adams-Webber, 1983). Thus here the specialization is do according to constructs determined by the client and is done on a bipolar outdo with the interviewer tickting up the question exactly the client determining the content (Anderson, 1987).The constructs are examined in some flesh out and after the interview the constructs are let into musical scales of 1-5 and the interviewee is expected to rate both element for every construct on this scale. The result is a intercellular substance and this is thusly analysed statistically to show the client his problems and how they can be tackled. The statistical synopsis helps to gi ve measurements of individual people characteristics and compares peoples perceptions before and after the interview. The Grid is thus a statistical, and content free process and although the interviewer initiates its functions, it is the patient who drives it allowing him to come out with his own perceptions thus giving the process a freedom from any interviewer bias and allows complete transparency(Anderson, 1987). Since it is as well as a standardised interviewing proficiency any interviewer can read the interview and understand its implications.Russell and Cox (2003) and Morrison (1991) bear stressed on the importance of repertory grid in the summary of individual perceptions. Considering Kellys constructivist alternativism, we can assume that all our present perceptions of the world could be subject to changes and revisions and accordingly our perceptions of people and subsequently our inter person-to-person relationships could too be changed according to this principle. Me thod A 35 year old female fellow worker, Marie Oliver was selected for the interview process. The client was having some relationship problems, especially with her work colleagues and has been masking mal coiffement along with problems of anxiety, depression and lack of productivity at work. The player was apprised of the mean of the interviewing and was asked to participate suggesting that participation in the interview would help her in overcoming her private problems. A repertory Grid consultation was done and the first bill was bring outing elements or grid components. For this all the possible elements including people in relationships were set. Thus elements are work colleagues known to the player and to the police detective, and the actor employ tierce method with the elements to create constructs around any one chosen sack upic. Elements were then compared by asking participant to take 3 elements and ascertain where 2 are similar and 1 is distinct, and the par ticipant was encouraged to continue until all possible combinations were exhausted of 3 elements from the set of 10. The instruction assumption in this reason was , choose any three of these known people and group two of them to begether separating a possible third to show wherefore two of them are similar and how they differ from the third person.This process was use to identify similarities and differences of individuals until the participant ran out of constructs. Several mini-grids were developed in call up to ensure that the participant was comfortable with the process of grid construction. Then the actor followed the process, generated the first grid, to ascertain whether each element is more like the similitude pole or difference pole by marking with x or o respectively. The participant then generated a second grid to rate each element on each of the 10 constructs using 1-5 point scale, but presented the grid to experimenter without ratings, experimenter then created th e final grid as the participant.The principal(prenominal) aim and conclusion of the interview was agreed with the participant and views about other work colleagues were thus taken. The participant was fully informed from fountain regarding the possibility that the revelations from the Grid Interview could be unsettling for her.However for these purposes, participants consent form was also signed in salary increase and the constructs were then set up on the grid allowing to be revealed. In the process of the interview, the investigator make notes on participant behaviour and perceptions as verbally revealed.In this drive, the participant Marie was asked to identify the elements in her workplace that could be considered in her relationships with colleagues. Marie determine 10 colleagues at her workplace and separated two of them as distinct from a third. The common points and the differences were noted. Each of the 10 constructs chosen were rated on a 1-5 scale and the grids we re created with affinity and difference poles marked by x or an o. This was done in case of determining constructs and relationships with work colleagues. After the formation of a grid, an synopsis was drawn up. Findings/AnalysisThe two assumptions of the Grid Interview by Kelly were as follows1. If we can identify an individuals construct map there is a strong possibility we can predict that individuals behaviour. 2. We may be able to modify an individuals map, and because behaviour, by some form of training. The two panoramas of the Repertory Grid are1. Elements which are the objects of an individuals thinking and to which they relate their concepts or values. These elements may be people with qualities like effective, un master, etc or they may be objects or abstract, concrete concepts like the interview or a test2. Constructs are the qualities utilize to describe the elements in our personal, individual relationships thus a person is effective because he has a pleasant rela tionship with his staff which reflects personal construct as applied to the element of an effective individualThe main elements in an analysis when a grid is applied to an individual are1. The results relate to that individual alone 2. Only one grid has to be analysed for an individuals report. 3. A grid gain form is apply to perform the analysisThe Findings and Analysis help us to probe the avocation questionsTo what extent was the report helpful in judgement the participants view of the give-up the ghostic of examination? naming and justification of apparent areas of correspondence and lack of judgementIs a descriptor of perceptiveness evident?How does the analysis link with the notes made prior to finish grids on expected areas of degree of intellect?What is the meaning revealed by the participants filling of elements and constructs?Do the elements and constructs reveal a similar or dissimilar view of the topic of analysis chosen?What does the degree of the match im ply?Was the drive any more helpful when intercourse elaboration was also employ as an extended method?Is some analysis of new understandings reached during feedback parley helpful for the process?What do the notes and quotes as revealed by the client suggest?The findings are wedded as followsDegree of similarity Elements(Mostly worked together with these individuals) bordering agreement on 4, 5, 6 elements Less agreement on 9 element(Mostly worked separately with these individuals) Little agreement on 1,2,3,7,8,10- elements with incompatible prohibit personal experiences running(a) with E7 and E8 on particular projects.Degree of similarity Constructs block agreement on 6 constructs ( paid give). Upon discussion, views were similar regarding the meaning of passkey proceed and who could be trusted. Less agreement on 1,3,4,5,7,9 constructs. Upon discussion, police detective and client share similar/same translations of each construct. Differences in definitions r egarding ConstructsLittle agreement on 2,8,10 constructs. Upon discussion, our definitions were different, hence our measurement of each element came from a different understanding of constructs.The elements identified by Marie were individuals at the workplace and Marie revealed that she worked closely with elements 4, 5 and 6 although had less agreement with element or colleague 9. Marie revealed that she has worked separately and had oppose personal experiences with colleagues identified as elements 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 10 although she said she was operative(a)ss on the same project with two of these vetoly perceive colleagues 7 and 8. Mari suggested a close agreement with 6 on nonrecreational steer and said that her views with 6 were similar regarding professional express, friendships and trust issues as to who in the office should or should not be trusted. Marie suggested that her constructs were either in short letter to or were not compatible with those of 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 elements or colleagues identified. Marie and the researcher had some discussions on the nature and definition of particular perceptions and constructs and the general definition of these identified by the researcher were similar to that of the subject. The subjects perceptions, feedback and opinions on the constructs were noted separately.Marie identified that two of the colleagues were friendly and amicable and compared with the other person who in distinguish has been described as unfriendly and not easy to get along with.The Repertory Grid Scoring sheet is drawn as followsPairs similarities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 empathy Work husbandry attitude friendship learned Team orientedness Good style appearance leadership helpfulnessThe process of producing the Repertory Grid can be broken down into the following steps amount One The participant Marie identifies ten colleagues whom she knows well. Among these ten colleagues Marie should go along well with at least two o f them ideally. bar two Marie is precondition six pieces of card or paper on which she is asked to preserve the names of the people she has identified. These are the elements described. A number can also be added to the card/paper to signify commentary and added at the taper of column on the leveling sheet. Alternatively, the name itself of the element identified can be entered on the win sheet as well.Step ternion collar cards are selected, for example 1, 2 and 3, and Marie is asked to identify some looking at related to these colleagues behaviour which makes two of the three people selected different from the third.The construct word or phrase is written in the top left side of the vertical columns. In the top right side of the vertical columns is written the interpretation of the person one who is different from the other two.This process of obtaining constructs from the three people is continued until no further constructs or perceived characteristics could be elicit ed from the participant.Step Four Once the constructs flummox been completely elicited and entered on the scoresheet, the cards are returned.Each element person is then given a score on a scale of 1 to 5. A score of 1 or 2 is allocated to those who are suited to the comment in the left-hand column, the column with the description of the pair. Scores of 5 or 4 are allocated to those who match with the description in the right-hand column, the description of the odd person outStep Five A different set of three cards is then selected, cards 4, 5 and 6 and the process in steps 3 and 4 is iterate, ensuring that the description of pairs is recorded in the left-hand column and a score of 1 or 2 relates to the pairs similarity and score points of 4 and 5 relate to the description of the single person. A score of 3 is average score. A score of at least one 1 and one 5 is helpful when allocated usually from the set of three people for whom the constructs are being elicited.Step Six Step fi ve is reiterate and the various combinations of the elements are aimed to be covered until the participants run out of perceived characteristics or constructs that could be entered on the card.After the grid consideration, the grid scoring sheet is used to record the views of the participant for each element against each construct which has been offered. The data collected is then subject to analysis. A manual of arms analysis can generate and extract considerable information from the grid and all the constructs are related to the personal characteristics of each work colleague considered in the read by Marie.Step Seven In this case assume we consider the behavioural aspects of work colleagues of Marie which is related to their overall consideration, accordingly at the end of the grid Marie is asked to rate the elements in a single, given construct over a scale of friendly to unfriendly.The scoring for friendliness is then compared with other individual aspects to highlight di fferences and to provide indicators for friendliness. Step 8 The scores for each construct are obtained by marking the difference for each element against the general friendliness figure. Step Nine In this phase, we analyse the various constructs on the basis that if the score is low the aspect measured is significant in the ranking for friendlinessIt is the duty of interviewer to go along without any bias and to refrain from giving any suggestion to the participant on what constructs should be drawn. Forming the constructs is entirely dependent on the participant and the researcher has no role in its formation. They must be according to the thoughts and perceptions of the individual who is being interviewed in this case, Marie although the constructs must be clear, meaningful. Here the analyst has helped her in one or two cases when she couldnt describe the construct and sought help of the analyst to come out with the right word. After the constructs are listed against the elemen ts, the grid results are scored and are ready to be used for analysis.From the example used in this deliberate -the aspects which go towards the behavioural skills of colleague at work, are identified as followsHas empathy with other colleagues Has a proper work kitchen-gardening and attitude Has an honest sense Is friendly and amicable Is well-read and professional Always has a proficient style and appearance Is a aggroup oriented person Is a leader in the group Comes out with fresh new ideas Is helpful and cooperativeDiscussionIn this count we selected Marie Oliver, a 35 year old colleague who was condenseing from some initial maladjustment in the workplace. Marie was asked to participate in the Repertory Grid Interview process to identify the reasons of her problems, categorise them and come out with possible suggestions. The attack taken was qualitative analysis by using the Personal Constructs theory developed by Kelly and a final analysis using scoring sheet and identifying elements through the Repertory Grid Interview proficiency. Marie was asked to select characteristics and constructs of persons in her workplace. She identified the most preferred and friendly characteristics in her colleagues against the least plummy ones. The notes taken during conversation with Marie reveal that Marie felt she got along only with a few colleagues only three as mentioned.There were basic differences in professional ethic and conduct with at least two colleagues she was working in collaboration with. The behavioural skills Marie identified as great in defining her considerably relationship with the colleagues are empathic characteristics in others any concept of an ideal colleague is also associated with being able to follow a proper work culture and having a proper attitude. Having an honest sense, a sense of justice and being knowledgeable, professional with a good sense of humour are also identified as in-chief(postnominal) characteristics i n a proper friendly colleague. Marie indicated that being friendly, amicable and with good style and appearance has been noted in at least two of her colleagues and this is stark separate to a third colleague she identified and with whom she doesnt wait to get along. If we consider Kellys emplacement of constructive alternativism, it is possible to pee-pee pick perceptions as our perceptions of the world depend completely on our personal constructs.Marie also identified leadership skills, helpfulness and cooperativeness, being able to come out with fresh ideas and following a proper work culture as grand aspects of professional behaviour and gave high scores on these aspects to at least two of her colleagues. Overall, a Repertory Grid Interview on Marie showed that she has good and easygoing relations with two of her colleagues but doesnt come out to go well with many of them. The negative implications of the findings which suggest why Marie did not get along with most of he r colleagues and seem to show anxiety and depression symptoms as well as dissatisfaction with her workplace were revealed in her perception of constructs on most of her colleagues. Marie suggested that some of her colleagues were low on cooperativeness and helpfulness, friendliness and proper professional attitude making the atmosphere competitive and hostile.The dynamics of Maries actual relations with her colleagues were thus revealed using this Grid interviewing procedure and Maries own perception of her work situation, perception of her situation and role in the office, and perception of her relations with her colleagues and her occupation were also revealed through this study. As Morrison (1991) used the repertory grid proficiency to understand nurses perception of care and their evaluation of caring attitudes in nursing, Maries perception of her work culture could easily reveal her ideal understanding of a workplace and what she sought in her colleagues. Her inner constructs, precepts and how she saw the world as an individual were revealed and so were her expectations in the future. Considering Maries perceptions, some psychological counselling to meliorate her working and professional relationships was recommended. LimitationsThe methodological limitations and concerns of interview as a factor of knowing peoples construct system were many, as noted by Kelly. These are1. Interview Bias sometimes the interviewer and the school he belongs to whether behaviourist or psychoanalytic could determine the way the session goes and this undermines the objectivity and validity of the study 2. Dependence on the interviewer the role of the therapist should be minimal and the therapist should just be a tool to facilitate self perception according to Kelly. Most individuals have the capacity to understand his or her problems and any overdependence on the researcher should be avoided. 3. There may be problems with measurement and predicting individual or group characteristics. Although psychology seeks to understand laws of human behaviour, bragging(a) scale studies covering correlations of different behaviour may not be helpful for study of personal constructs which is base on the understanding of individuals or a small group of people.These methodological limitations have been kept in mind while conducting the interview and interviewer bias and any dependence on the interviewer has been kept to a minimum. Interviewer intervention has also been minimal.ConclusionIn this discussion, we set out with an overview of the Personal Constructs Theory proposed by Kelly (1955). We discussed the different tenets of the constructs theory, the inconsistency of personal constructs and how constructs tend to vary in different people or in same people in different situations. Thus situational factors seem important in constructs and perceptions on other people. Individual constructs form the construct systems and Kelly launch the grid method to dete rmine the different elements in a tender situation that can be considered as responsible for an individuals disturbed cordial relationships. In our study of Marie Oliver, a 35 year old employee, her fond relationships and possible disturbances were studied using the Repertory Grid Interview proficiency and her analysis of good and bad characteristics of ten of her colleagues were indicated on the card given to her. The scores were drawn up and according to the analysis the desirable characteristics that Marie perceived in some of her workmates and not in others, were found out. Maries behavioural problems and her queer relationships with her colleagues are then analysed suggesting whether Marie trained any further psychological help for her anxiety, depression and other work related maladjustments. BibliographyKelly, George Alexander The psychology of personal constructs / George A. Kelly. London Routledge in association with Centre for Personal Construct psychological scienc e,London, 1991, c1955.Dalton, Peggy. A psychology for living personal construct theory for professionals and clients / Peggy Dalton and Gavin Dunnett. Chichester J. Wiley Sons, 1992.University of London. An application of personal construct theory (Kelly) to schizoid thinking. University of London, 1959.Fransella, Fay. George Kelly / Fay Fransella. London Sage, 1995.Anderson, N. Personality assessment in the graduate milkround interview A personal construct psychology post and study using repertory grid technique. Birmingham University of Aston Management Centre, 1987.Fransella. F, Bannister. D. 1977. A manual of arms for Repertory grid technique. academician Press. London.Bannister, P et al. (1994) Qualitative Methods in psychology Buckingham Open University Press.Bannister, D. (1985) (Ed) Issues and accessiones in personal construct theory London donnish Press, 1985Stevens, R (1996) Understanding the Self London Open University Sage.Kalekin-Fishman, Devorah. and Walker, Beverley. (1996) The Construction of gathering Realities culture, society and personal construct theory. Malabar Krieger.Bannister, D. Mair, J. (1968) The Evaluation of Personal Constructs London academic PressSmith JA, Harre R, Van Langenhove (1995) Rethinking Methods in Psychology London Sage. squat Adams-Webber (Editor) (1983) Applications of Personal Construct Theory schoolman Press.The emergence of new intentions in subjective experience A fond/personal constructionist and relational understanding Journal of Vocational Behavior, Volume 64, Issue 3, June 2004, Pages 485-498 Mary Sue RichardsonPerCase Study of Personal Constructs Theory (PCT)Case Study of Personal Constructs Theory (PCT)Title/AbstractIn this study we aim to provide an analysis of a subjects problems using the Personal Constructs Theory (PCT) suggested by Kelly. The subject is a 35 year old female full time employee working in the same company as the researcher and has shown no barriers to const ruing. The subjects problems with her relationships have been determined using the Repertory grid interview and we discuss results and provide an analysis of the findings following the interview and data collection. The interview was done to identify elements within the clients relationships and all interview limitations have been considered for the study. We provide an analysis of Personal Constructs Theory in general giving a brief overview of its main premises and principles and then move on to its applications including the Grid interview technique on our client. We discuss the results and analyse the findings accordingly.IntroductionGeorge Kellys Personal Construct Theory (PCT) emphasises that the world is perceived by a person according to the meaning the person applies to it and the person has the freedom to choose a meaning according to what he or she wants (Kelly, 1955). Thus a person has the freedom to choose a meaning in terms of which he perceives the world and can apply alternative constructions or meanings to his past, present and future events. Thus a person is not a victim of his events but can discharge himself from unpleasant events by reinterpreting and redefining them. According to Kelly (1955) PCT attempts to explain why a man does what he does and is a theory about how the human process flows, how it strives in new directions as well as in old, and how it may dare for the first time to reach into the depths of newly perceived dimensionsKelly states that a persons processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he require the events(1955). Here, the subject is the process and the individual is a behaving organism who may need an external force to initiate an event. The processes include those of self-definition and relationships with others, and how we interpret events around us as well as the events we perceive and tasks at hand (Kelly 1955). Kelly based his theory of PCT on man as the scientist model and the basic points were as follows the individual creates his or her own ways of seeing the world and interprets events according to how he perceive them the individual builds percepts and constructs these constructs are organized into systems, or group of constructs which embody relationships two or more systems may suss out the same events, yet the events are separate from any of the systems any individuals systems have a definite foci The term construct is a concept that represents the view a person has constructed about the world as he experiences it. Constructs also represent the way a person is likely to construe the world and the construct system as a whole represents the history and sensibility to perceive the world in a particular way.Kelly also gilded between amicable reality, individual reality and communality. Individuality denotes that every individual differ from each other in how they construct or perceive the world, communality refers to the underlying similarities or common elements in perception and how the construction of experience in one person is similar to that of another (Kelly, 1955). Social reality is perception of how one person construes the construction processes of another person and how they are involved in a companionable role. Personal construct theory has been used in several sociological and scientific disciplines and it has been emphasised that social reality and communality should be considered along with the individual or personal reality and both have to be considered together in developing an understanding of the psychological processes (Dalton, 1992).The theory of Personal Constructs, points out that it is our personal psychological constructs that make the world predictable. We use construct systems to help in perception of the world and respond to all situations according to these perceptions. Our construct systems help us to make sense of the world, to make it predictable, to draw conclusions about causes and effects and we learn from experiences and adjust our behaviour accordingly (Fransella, 1995). Kelly wrote that the construct systems influence our expectations and perceptions and reflect our past experiences according to which we shape our future expectations. For example since we known from our past experiences that winters are cold, we would take adequate measures of protection during winter because we expect winters to be cold.However according to Kelly, our construct systems grow and change and are not static and are either confirmed or challenged when we are conscious. We adapt and immunise our constructs according to the situation and alter our feelings according to our experiences. We also tend to think and pit according to our construct systems and some constructs represent values and key relationships which are difficult to change and fixed whereas some other constructs are less complex and more flexible and adaptive. The truth about the world as understood and experienced determines th e nature of the construct system. Construct systems are not generally judged according to any objective truth and depend on an individuals personal feelings, perceptions and choices (Dalton, 1992).One individuals construct system may be different from anothers and when there is a general disagreement in constructs, it is generally denoted by prejudice or preconception. Although conflicts and differences of opinions are unpleasant, these events help us to understand differences in people and help us to learn how other people perceive things (Stevens, 1996). However construct systems change and may not be exclusively internally consistent. People may react or perceive things otherwise even in similar circumstances and this is normal as there is a certain degree of internal inconsistency in perception of events. Distortions of judgement due to internal inconsistency of personal constructs can be harmful for a person as he may suffer from personal distress. The extent to which one per son can appreciate and react to another persons constructs is a measure of empathy or how one perceives another (Banister, 1985). One persons construct system may be markedly different from another persons constructs yet one should be able to infer the other persons construct in order to empathise and develop a sense of social oneness and responsibility. Kellys theory is one of the most effective theories in social research and helps to provide a psychological explanation of social similarities and differences.The applications of Kellys theory of Personal constructs are wide and varied as it helps to provide mathematical representations of constructs systems. Construct systems are multidimensional mathematical models and a persons language is used to classify his or her experiences. Kelly developed a number of mathematical models and representations of construct systems and tested hypotheses that followed from basic personal construct theory (Fransella and Bannister, 1977). To under stand peoples personal construct systems the repertory Grid Interview technique was developed, also known as the Role Construct Repertory Test. The repertoire of constructs that a person develops represents some form of perception, judgement or evaluation and is always comparative. Thus judgement of anything good is in comparison with the concept of bad.Thus in using a Grid interview three elements are considered and then two are paired in contrast with a third. The theory of personal constructs can be applied to personal experiences and relationships and so parents, relations, friends, colleagues and the individual are largely responsible for the formation of constructs (Smith et al, 1995 Kalekin-Fishman et al, 1996). Kelly elicited a patients constructs, rated the different elements on the constructs and used the resultant grid to point out to the client what his primary problems or concerns were. This helped to decide which therapy would be important and helped to determine the get along with and effectiveness of therapy. For example one could find the two elements in a personal relationship of a patient and his mother and use this technique to find out differences between a patients perception of himself and what his mother would like him to be. The patient would then be encouraged to provide a self description and work through means of making his relationship with his mother more pleasant and productive. If there are paranoid elements recognised in a patients perception of himself or his relationships, appropriate therapeutic interventions are suggested. The Repertory Grid interviewing technique was developed by Kelly to overcome some of the methodological limitations of the interview method. The main steps of the Grid technique include 1. Selecting a set of elements this could be anything from relationships to issues and the elements could be people involved in these relationships with the client. 2. The elements are taken in groups of three and the client is asked to pair two of them separating the third according to a special characteristic (Adams-Webber, 1983). Thus here the specialisation is done according to constructs determined by the client and is done on a bipolar scale with the interviewer setting up the question but the client determining the content (Anderson, 1987).The constructs are examined in some gunpoint and after the interview the constructs are made into scales of 1-5 and the interviewee is expected to rate every element for every construct on this scale. The result is a intercellular substance and this is then analysed statistically to show the client his problems and how they can be tackled. The statistical analysis helps to give measurements of individual people characteristics and compares peoples perceptions before and after the interview. The Grid is thus a statistical, and content free process and although the interviewer initiates its functions, it is the patient who drives it allowing him to come out with his own perceptions thus giving the process a freedom from any interviewer bias and allows complete transparency(Anderson, 1987). Since it is also a standardised interviewing technique any interviewer can read the interview and understand its implications.Russell and Cox (2003) and Morrison (1991) have stressed on the importance of repertory grid in the analysis of individual perceptions. Considering Kellys constructivist alternativism, we can assume that all our present perceptions of the world could be subject to changes and revisions and accordingly our perceptions of people and subsequently our interpersonal relationships could also be changed according to this principle. Method A 35 year old female colleague, Marie Oliver was selected for the interview process. The client was having some relationship problems, especially with her work colleagues and has been showing maladjustment along with problems of anxiety, depression and lack of productivity at work. The participa nt was apprised of the purpose of the interviewing and was asked to participate suggesting that participation in the interview would help her in overcoming her personal problems. A Repertory Grid Interview was done and the first step was identifying elements or grid components. For this all the possible elements including people in relationships were identified. Thus elements are work colleagues known to the participant and to the researcher, and the participant used triplet method with the elements to create constructs around any one chosen topic. Elements were then compared by asking participant to take 3 elements and ascertain where 2 are similar and 1 is different, and the participant was encouraged to continue until all possible combinations were exhausted of 3 elements from the set of 10. The instruction given in this case was , choose any three of these known people and group two of them together separating a possible third to show why two of them are similar and how they di ffer from the third person.This process was used to identify similarities and differences of individuals until the participant ran out of constructs. Several mini-grids were developed in advance to ensure that the participant was comfortable with the process of grid construction. Then the thespian followed the process, generated the first grid, to ascertain whether each element is more like the similarity pole or difference pole by marking with x or o respectively. The participant then generated a second grid to rate each element on each of the 10 constructs using 1-5 point scale, but presented the grid to experimenter without ratings, experimenter then created the final grid as the participant.The main aim and purpose of the interview was agreed with the participant and views about other work colleagues were thus taken. The participant was fully informed from stolon regarding the possibility that the revelations from the Grid Interview could be unsettling for her.However for thes e purposes, participants consent form was also signed in advance and the constructs were then set up on the grid allowing to be revealed. In the process of the interview, the researcher made notes on participant behaviour and perceptions as verbally revealed.In this case, the participant Marie was asked to identify the elements in her workplace that could be considered in her relationships with colleagues. Marie identified 10 colleagues at her workplace and separated two of them as distinct from a third. The common points and the differences were noted. Each of the 10 constructs chosen were rated on a 1-5 scale and the grids were created with similarity and difference poles marked by x or an o. This was done in case of determining constructs and relationships with work colleagues. After the formation of a grid, an analysis was drawn up. Findings/AnalysisThe two assumptions of the Grid Interview by Kelly were as follows1. If we can identify an individuals construct map there is a str ong possibility we can predict that individuals behaviour. 2. We may be able to modify an individuals map, and therefore behaviour, by some form of training. The two aspects of the Repertory Grid are1. Elements which are the objects of an individuals thinking and to which they relate their concepts or values. These elements may be people with qualities like effective, unprofessional, etc or they may be objects or abstract, concrete concepts like the interview or a test2. Constructs are the qualities used to describe the elements in our personal, individual relationships thus a person is effective because he has a pleasant relationship with his staff which reflects personal construct as applied to the element of an effective individualThe main elements in an analysis when a grid is applied to an individual are1. The results relate to that individual alone 2. Only one grid has to be analysed for an individuals report. 3. A grid scoring form is used to perform the analysisThe Findings and Analysis help us to probe the following questionsTo what extent was the study helpful in understanding the participants view of the topic of examination? acknowledgment and justification of apparent areas of understanding and lack of understandingIs a kind of understanding evident?How does the analysis link with the notes made prior to complete grids on expected areas of degree of understanding?What is the meaning revealed by the participants choice of elements and constructs?Do the elements and constructs reveal a similar or different view of the topic of analysis chosen?What does the degree of the match imply?Was the study any more helpful when conversation elaboration was also used as an extended method?Is some analysis of new understandings reached during feedback conversation helpful for the process?What do the notes and quotes as revealed by the client suggest?The findings are given as followsDegree of similarity Elements(Mostly worked together with these individuals) besotted agreement on 4, 5, 6 elements Less agreement on 9 element(Mostly worked separately with these individuals) Little agreement on 1,2,3,7,8,10- elements with different negative personal experiences working with E7 and E8 on particular projects.Degree of similarity Constructs squiffy agreement on 6 constructs (professional conduct). Upon discussion, views were similar regarding the meaning of professional conduct and who could be trusted. Less agreement on 1,3,4,5,7,9 constructs. Upon discussion, researcher and client overlap similar/same definitions of each construct. Differences in definitions regarding ConstructsLittle agreement on 2,8,10 constructs. Upon discussion, our definitions were different, hence our measurement of each element came from a different understanding of constructs.The elements identified by Marie were individuals at the workplace and Marie revealed that she worked closely with elements 4, 5 and 6 although had less agreement with element or colleag ue 9. Marie revealed that she has worked separately and had negative personal experiences with colleagues identified as elements 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 10 although she said she was working on the same project with two of these negatively perceived colleagues 7 and 8. Mari suggested a close agreement with 6 on professional conduct and said that her views with 6 were similar regarding professional conduct, friendships and trust issues as to who in the office should or should not be trusted. Marie suggested that her constructs were either in contrast to or were not compatible with those of 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 elements or colleagues identified. Marie and the researcher had some discussions on the nature and definition of particular perceptions and constructs and the general definition of these identified by the researcher were similar to that of the subject. The subjects perceptions, feedback and opinions on the constructs were noted separately.Marie identified that two of the colleagues wer e friendly and amicable and compared with the other person who in contrast has been described as unfriendly and not easy to get along with.The Repertory Grid Scoring sheet is drawn as followsPairs similarities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 empathy Work culture attitude friendliness knowledgeable Team orientedness Good style appearance leadership helpfulnessThe process of producing the Repertory Grid can be broken down into the following stepsStep One The participant Marie identifies ten colleagues whom she knows well. Among these ten colleagues Marie should go along well with at least two of them ideally.Step ii Marie is given six pieces of card or paper on which she is asked to keep open the names of the people she has identified. These are the elements described. A number can also be added to the card/paper to signify description and added at the foreland of column on the scoring sheet. Alternatively, the name itself of the element identified can be entered on the scoring sheet as well.Step Three Three cards are selected, for example 1, 2 and 3, and Marie is asked to identify some aspect related to these colleagues behaviour which makes two of the three people selected different from the third.The construct word or phrase is written in the top left side of the vertical columns. In the top right side of the vertical columns is written the description of the person one who is different from the other two.This process of obtaining constructs from the three people is continued until no further constructs or perceived characteristics could be elicited from the participant.Step Four Once the constructs have been completely elicited and entered on the scoresheet, the cards are returned.Each element person is then given a score on a scale of 1 to 5. A score of 1 or 2 is allocated to those who are suited to the description in the left-hand column, the column with the description of the pair. Scores of 5 or 4 are allocated to those who match with the description in the right-hand column, the description of the odd person outStep Five A different set of three cards is then selected, cards 4, 5 and 6 and the process in steps 3 and 4 is repeated, ensuring that the description of pairs is recorded in the left-hand column and a score of 1 or 2 relates to the pairs similarity and score points of 4 and 5 relate to the description of the single person. A score of 3 is average score. A score of at least one 1 and one 5 is helpful when allocated usually from the set of three people for whom the constructs are being elicited.Step Six Step five is repeated and the various combinations of the elements are aimed to be covered until the participants run out of perceived characteristics or constructs that could be entered on the card.After the grid consideration, the grid scoring sheet is used to record the views of the participant for each element against each construct which has been offered. The data collected is then subject to analysis. A manual analysis can generate and extract considerable information from the grid and all the constructs are related to the personal characteristics of each work colleague considered in the study by Marie.Step Seven In this case study we consider the behavioural aspects of work colleagues of Marie which is related to their overall friendliness, therefore at the end of the grid Marie is asked to rate the elements in a single, given construct over a scale of friendly to unfriendly.The scoring for friendliness is then compared with other individual aspects to highlight differences and to provide indicators for friendliness. Step eightsome The scores for each construct are obtained by marking the difference for each element against the general friendliness figure. Step Nine In this phase, we analyse the various constructs on the basis that if the score is low the aspect measured is significant in the ranking for friendlinessIt is the duty of interviewer to abide without any bias and to refrain from gi ving any suggestion to the participant on what constructs should be drawn. Forming the constructs is entirely dependent on the participant and the researcher has no role in its formation. They must be according to the thoughts and perceptions of the individual who is being interviewed in this case, Marie although the constructs must be clear, meaningful. Here the analyst has helped her in one or two cases when she couldnt describe the construct and sought help of the analyst to come out with the right word. After the constructs are listed against the elements, the grid results are scored and are ready to be used for analysis.From the example used in this study -the aspects which go towards the behavioural skills of colleague at work, are identified as followsHas empathy with other colleagues Has a proper work culture and attitude Has an ethical sense Is friendly and amicable Is knowledgeable and professional Always has a good style and appearance Is a team oriented person Is a leader in the group Comes out with fresh new ideas Is helpful and cooperativeDiscussionIn this study we selected Marie Oliver, a 35 year old colleague who was suffering from some initial maladjustment in the workplace. Marie was asked to participate in the Repertory Grid Interview process to identify the reasons of her problems, categorise them and come out with possible suggestions. The approach taken was qualitative analysis by using the Personal Constructs theory developed by Kelly and a final analysis using scoring sheet and identifying elements through the Repertory Grid Interview technique. Marie was asked to select characteristics and constructs of persons in her workplace. She identified the most desirable and friendly characteristics in her colleagues against the least desirable ones. The notes taken during conversation with Marie reveal that Marie felt she got along only with a few colleagues only three as mentioned.There were basic differences in professional ethic an d conduct with at least two colleagues she was working in collaboration with. The behavioural skills Marie identified as important in defining her good relationship with the colleagues are empathic characteristics in others any concept of an ideal colleague is also associated with being able to follow a proper work culture and having a proper attitude. Having an ethical sense, a sense of justice and being knowledgeable, professional with a good sense of humour are also identified as important characteristics in a proper friendly colleague. Marie indicated that being friendly, amicable and with good style and appearance has been noted in at least two of her colleagues and this is stark contrast to a third colleague she identified and with whom she doesnt seem to get along. If we consider Kellys perspective of constructive alternativism, it is possible to have alternative perceptions as our perceptions of the world depend completely on our personal constructs.Marie also identified lea dership skills, helpfulness and cooperativeness, being able to come out with fresh ideas and following a proper work culture as important aspects of professional behaviour and gave high scores on these aspects to at least two of her colleagues. Overall, a Repertory Grid Interview on Marie showed that she has good and easygoing relations with two of her colleagues but doesnt seem to go well with many of them. The negative implications of the findings which suggest why Marie did not get along with most of her colleagues and seem to show anxiety and depression symptoms as well as dissatisfaction with her workplace were revealed in her perception of constructs on most of her colleagues. Marie suggested that some of her colleagues were low on cooperativeness and helpfulness, friendliness and proper professional attitude making the atmosphere competitive and hostile.The dynamics of Maries actual relations with her colleagues were thus revealed using this Grid interviewing procedure and Ma ries own perception of her work situation, perception of her situation and role in the office, and perception of her relations with her colleagues and her barter were also revealed through this study. As Morrison (1991) used the repertory grid technique to understand nurses perception of care and their evaluation of caring attitudes in nursing, Maries perception of her work culture could easily reveal her ideal understanding of a workplace and what she sought in her colleagues. Her inner constructs, precepts and how she saw the world as an individual were revealed and so were her expectations in the future. Considering Maries perceptions, some psychological counselling to cleanse her working and professional relationships was recommended. LimitationsThe methodological limitations and concerns of interview as a means of knowing peoples construct system were many, as noted by Kelly. These are1. Interview Bias sometimes the interviewer and the school he belongs to whether behaviouri st or psychoanalytic could determine the way the session goes and this undermines the objectivity and validity of the study 2. Dependence on the interviewer the role of the therapist should be minimal and the therapist should just be a tool to facilitate self perception according to Kelly. Most individuals have the capacity to understand his or her problems and any overdependence on the researcher should be avoided. 3. There may be problems with measuring and predicting individual or group characteristics. Although psychology seeks to understand laws of human behaviour, large scale studies showing correlations of different behaviour may not be helpful for study of personal constructs which is based on the understanding of individuals or a small group of people.These methodological limitations have been kept in mind while conducting the interview and interviewer bias and any dependence on the interviewer has been kept to a minimum. Interviewer intervention has also been minimal.Co nclusionIn this discussion, we set out with an overview of the Personal Constructs Theory proposed by Kelly (1955). We discussed the different tenets of the constructs theory, the inconsistency of personal constructs and how constructs tend to vary in different people or in same people in different situations. Thus situational factors seem important in constructs and perceptions on other people. Individual constructs form the construct systems and Kelly established the grid method to determine the different elements in a social situation that can be considered as responsible for an individuals disturbed social relationships. In our study of Marie Oliver, a 35 year old employee, her social relationships and possible disturbances were studied using the Repertory Grid Interview technique and her analysis of good and bad characteristics of ten of her colleagues were indicated on the card given to her. The scores were drawn up and according to the analysis the desirable characteristics that Marie perceived in some of her workmates and not in others, were found out. Maries behavioural problems and her rum relationships with her colleagues are then analysed suggesting whether Marie needed any further psychological help for her anxiety, depression and other work related maladjustments. BibliographyKelly, George Alexander The psychology of personal constructs / George A. Kelly. London Routledge in association with Centre for Personal Construct Psychology,London, 1991, c1955.Dalton, Peggy. A psychology for living personal construct theory for professionals and clients / Peggy Dalton and Gavin Dunnett. Chichester J. Wiley Sons, 1992.University of London. An application of personal construct theory (Kelly) to schizoid thinking. University of London, 1959.Fransella, Fay. George Kelly / Fay Fransella. London Sage, 1995.Anderson, N. Personality assessment in the graduate milkround interview A personal construct psychology perspective and study using repertory grid te chnique. Birmingham University of Aston Management Centre, 1987.Fransella. F, Bannister. D. 1977. A manual of arms for Repertory grid technique. Academic Press. London.Bannister, P et al. (1994) Qualitative Methods in Psychology Buckingham Open University Press.Bannister, D. (1985) (Ed) Issues and approaches in personal construct theory London Academic Press, 1985Stevens, R (1996) Understanding the Self London Open University Sage.Kalekin-Fishman, Devorah. and Walker, Beverley. (1996) The Construction of conference Realities culture, society and personal construct theory. Malabar Krieger.Bannister, D. Mair, J. (1968) The Evaluation of Personal Constructs London Academic PressSmith JA, Harre R, Van Langenhove (1995) Rethinking Methods in Psychology London Sage. twat Adams-Webber (Editor) (1983) Applications of Personal Construct Theory Academic Press.The emergence of new intentions in subjective experience A social/personal constructionist and relational understanding Journal of Vocational Behavior, Volume 64, Issue 3, June 2004, Pages 485-498 Mary Sue RichardsonPer

Effects of School Feeding Programme on Education

Effects of School Feeding Programme on instructionThe government of Ghana has recognized sanctioned nurtureing as a fundamental building block of the economy. This step is in line with destruction two of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which seeks to achieving a comprehensive prime(a) study by the year 2015 (Ghana MDG Report, 2009). Also, in congruence with GPRS II (GPRS, 2006), Article 38 of the 1992 constitution enjoins government to provide entrance fee to Free Compulsory prevalent Basic Education (fCUBE) to all children of domesticate going age (Constitution of Ghana, 1992). In pursuance of this requirement, a number of plans and programmes bring forth been launched with the government embarking upon several educational reforms and instituting new policy measures toward making education more entranceible to all. These acknowledge the fCUBE programme, education strategic plan, the capitation grant which get downs basic trail unfreeze from both form of condition fees and the NEPAD School Feeding Programme (SFP) ( clairvoyance, 2003).It is important to check that access to education is not an end in itself, but a means to an end. The end results of the education process is that it should translate into quality gentlemans gentleman capital/resource for the state as the GPRSII envisions, hence, the zeal of governments to invest in the education of their people.The capitation grant globally should result in higher account and retention in schools. The school sustenance program complements this by providing for the pupils nutritional needs and enhancing their learning capabilities. All these should translate into higher performance by pupils and for that matter, the production of quality merciful resource required for state development.It should be noted that, beforehand the introduction of the governments school feed programme, the Catholic alleviation Service (CRS,) had already instituted the policy of feeding school childr en in the district. This aside, the origin of the Northern Scholarship Scheme had excessively been in place in the district since the late 1950s, taking c are of the feeding cost of students in Senior High Schools in the district. These had make world-shaking impact on education of the area. In fact, many professors and educated elites in the district owe their current status to these schemes (Nadowli District, 2008)THE PROBLEM STATEMENTThe introduction of the government school feeding programme was to supplement other interventions such as free school uniform and capitation grants. It has since played a crucial role aboard the other interventions in improving both Gross Enrolment proportionality (GER) and Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) in schools in Ghana. The Upper double-u Region in general, recorded GER increase of 74.1% from 1991/199 2002/2003, 77.3% from 2002/2003 2004/2005 and 81.1% 2004/2005 2005/2006 (RSER-UWR, 2006).Despite the increases in the archive figures, depri ved areas in Ghana continue to encounter serious difficulties in attracting trained teachers classroom accommodation continues to be a line of work with access to teaching and learning materials remaining a headache to stakeholders. These negatively propel the quality of education in these areas including the Nadowli District.The rise in archive figures with no corresponding increase in the number of teachers usually lead to disproportionate Pupils-Teacher Ratio (PTR). Overcrowding in classrooms too becomes phenomenal of such situations with increased enrolment with little attention to the construction classrooms in response to the increasing poesy which does not only sometimes lead to the outbreak of diseases but similarly affects quality of teaching adversely. The composition therefore seeks to investigate how the increasing enrolment figures affect the quality of master(a) education in the Nadowli District. interrogation QUESTIONS main(prenominal) QuestionHow has the sch ool feeding programme affected prime quill school education in the Nadowli District?Sub-questionsHow has the SFP influenced primary school enrolment in the district?How has the SFP influenced pupil retention in schools in the district?What are the implications of the SFP on PTR?How has SFP affected classrooms activity and TLM?Are there lessons for policy formulations? main(prenominal) objectiveTo examine the set up of the school feeding programme on primary school education in Nadowli DistrictSub-objectivesTo determine how the SFP has influenced primary school enrolment in the districtTo assess the influence of SFP on pupils retention in schoolTo examine the implications of the SFP on PTRTo examine the effects of SFP on classrooms activity and TLMsTo draw lessons from the ponder for policy formulationRESEARCH METHODOLOGYData battle array toolsBoth probability and non probability info charm tools impart be employed in the ingathering of primary info in the study. Specifical ly, I go out employ surveys, semi-structured interviews and annotations. The surveys allow be employ to solicit general entropy from the respondents on their views on the take such as on the effects of the SFP on the rate of enrolment. The surveys allow also yield numerical data.The interviews go outing be used to pay back qualitative, specific and in-depth facts about the study. The observation will be used throw out first hand information on the study.Sources of dataThe study will collect data from teachers, parents, pupils, furnishers of the programme, and lag from the district board of directors of education and suppliers of fare these schools.Secondary sources of data such as newspapers, name and internet sources will be make use of. Records of enrolment before and during the SFP will also be used for comparisons. have techniques and sampling unitsI will use purposive sampling to collect data from officials of the district education directorate (the district d irector, the officer in charge of statistics, the planning officer, director of human resource and a overlap supervisor), caterers, head teachers, school prefects, PTA chairpersons, and suppliers of food to the schools.Sampling sizeA sample size of 38 will be surveyed. This will be made of 8 head teachers, 8 school prefects, 8 PTA chairpersons, 8 caterers, 5 officials of the district education directorate and 1 supplier of food to the schools in the district.Data abridgment and presentation soft data collected will be summarized into themes, analyzed and interpreted by the use of descriptive techniques. quantifiable data analysis will be done using ready reckoner programmes a want the SPSS.Tables, charts and graphs would be used to expatiate and present findings for easier understanding and description.RELEVANCE OF THE STUDYThrough findings of the study, stakeholders will be well informed of the relevance or otherwise of the SFP on primary education in the district. Positive outcome will get them connected to success and sustainace of the programme. Also, negative effects of the programme if found will also be addressed.Aside serving as base data for besides research work on the topic, findings of the study will help in policy formulation on the programme.ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH REPORTThe study report will be organized into six chapters as follows for pull presentation.The general introduction of the study as well as the problem statement and the research questions will go into chapter one. This chapter will also checker the research objectives, justification of the study and a brief profile of the study area.Chapter two is the review of books on the topic. It will try conceptualizing and delimit issues that relate to the study and put them in perspective. It will try to research and fill gaps in existing literature available on the study.Chapter collar will examine the methodology employed in the study for the collection of data. How data collected is analyzed and presented will also be made clear in this chapter.Findings of the study and the discussions on it will be presented in chapter iv of the report. This will also take care of secondary data analysis on the study. Illustrations with tabular arrays, figures charts and diagrams will be made for easier understanding and interpretation of findings.Summaries of findings, conclusion and recommendations will be presented in the fifth and last chapter of the report. publications REVIEWThe literature review aims at exploring for areas of agreements and disagreements on the topic. From this, exiting gaps will be identified and efforts made to fill them.The review will cover areas like impact of education tie in interventions in Ghana, the biography of school feeding in Ghana, Ghana education policy framework, recent education related interventions in Ghana and the SFP (arguments and against). See a sample review below. relate of education related interventions in Gh anaCountries in Sub-Saharan Africa have been exploring ways of improving their education systems in order to achieve their shipment to education for all. Ensuring that children have access to free, compulsory and good quality primary education is receiving considerable attention from governments and aid agencies alike as is precondition a consideration in the (GPRS II, 2006). Two main systems through which original governments are using to achieve this aim are the abolition of school fees and the School Feeding Programme. Studies have proven that these interventions are making significant impact in the area of education in the country (ISSER, 2009).The history of school feeding in GhanaThe issue of school feeding dates back to the 1950s when the CPP government instituted the Northern Scholarship Scheme to cater for the feeding cost of students in the northern part of the country. The Catholic backing Services also introduced a feeding scheme in basic schools in the north. Both s chemes were meant to motivate students to get educated. The most recent of these schemes is the SFP which is macrocosm piloted in all districts in the country.Education Policy Framework in GhanaThe 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana under Article 25 (1) guarantees the right of allpersons to equal educational opportunities and facilities by ensuring free, compulsory and universal basic education. Functional literacy is also secured under the constitution and provision is made for resourcing schools at all levels with adequate facilities. Aside the constitutional provisions, the Ghana want Reduction Strategy (GPRS) II recognizes education as the key to piteous the country towards a middle income status by 2015 and as a result identifies the development of human capital as one the tercet thematic areas of the plan. Aside aiming to meet conclusion 2 of the MDGs, the GPRS II also aims to strengthen the quality of education especially at the basic level, make better the qua lity and efficiency in the delivery of education services and connect the sex gap in terms of education access in the country. In 2003, the Education Strategic plan (ESP) based on the want Reduction Strategy came into force and it covered the period 2003-2005. The Strategic picture operated within the framework of a sector wide approach (SWAp) for education and this was situated partly within the multi-donor budgetary support (MDBS) framework (ISSER, 2009). The ESP which provided the framework or roadmap for achieving the education related MDGs was based on four key areas equitable access, education management and Science and technology and vocational education. There were ten policy goals to the ESP and this covered increasing access to and participation in education and training, improving the quality of teaching and learning for enhanced pupil/student (ISSER, 2009). The SFP is one of the interventions that is considered under the policy framework. juvenile Education Related I nterventions in GhanaGhana has been able to make some strides in its education system through certain policy initiatives. These initiatives have goals that have been expressed in policy frameworks andreports like the GPRS I II and the Education Strategic Plan (ESP). The governments commitment towards achieving the educational goal is reflected in these policy frameworks. In accordance with these frameworks, certain policy strategies like the capitation grant and the school feeding program, early childhood development and gender parity have been adopted (ISSER, 2009).RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter examines the methodology that will be employed in the study for the collection of data. Data analysis techniques and the mode of presentation of findings are both treated here.Data collection toolsBoth probability and non probability data collection tools will be employed in the collection of primary data in the study. Specifically, I will use surveys, semi-structured interviews and obse rvations. The surveys will be used to solicit general information from the respondents on their views on the topic such as on the effects of the SFP on the rate of enrolment. The surveys will also yield quantitative data.The interviews will be used to generate qualitative, specific and in-depth facts about the study. The observation will be used gain first hand information on the study.Sources of dataThe study will collect data from teachers, parents, pupils, caterers of the programme, and staff from the district directorate of education.Secondary sources of data such as newspapers, article and internet sources will be made use of. Records of enrolment before and during the SFP will also be used for comparisons.Sampling techniquesThe simple haphazard sampling technique will be applied to the list of the primary schools in the district to select seven of them for the study. This technique will ensure that biases are minimized as much as possible in the infusion of the schools. The same technique will be used for the selection of teachers and pupils for the study. Questionnaires of the surveys will be administered to 100 teachers, 20 pupils and 30 parents in the district.I will also use purposive sampling to collect data from five officials of the district education directorate (the district director, the officer in charge of statistics, the planning officer, director of human resource and a circuit supervisor). Seven caterers will also be surveyed. In all, 162 questionnaires will be administered.The education officials, caterers and some of the teacher will also be interviewed later the surveys.Data analysis and presentationQualitative data collected will be summarized into themes, analyzed and interpreted by the use of descriptive techniques. Quantitative data analysis will be done using computer programmes like the SPSS.Tables, charts and graphs would be used to illustrate and present findings for easier understanding and interpretation. sequence FRAMEA ma ximum of 11 months will be used for the entire research work as indicated in the table below. exertionTIME PERIODLiterature reviewJuly and August, 2010Designing questionnairesSeptember,2010Data collectionOctober to December, 2010Data analysisJanuary and February, 2011Report writingMarch and April, 2011Binding and conformationMay, 2011BUDGETAn estimated amount of One Thousand, One Hundred Ghana Cedis will be required for the research activity. See breakdown in the table below.ACTIVITYCOST (GH)Using the internet and buying of relevant materials for literature review60.00Typing and printing questionnaire20.00Data collection50.00Transportation100.00 communication50.00Printing and binding of report820.00TOTAL1,100.00

The Green River Killer

The Green River KillerI killed the 48 women listed in the states spot amended in markation. In most cases when I killed these women I did not get it on their names. Most of the time I killed them the first time I met them and I do not concord a good memory of their faces. (Seattle From bid of Green River killer whale Gary Ridgway, read in chat up in November 2003 by prosecutor Jeff Baird)Gary Leon Ridgway, known as the Green River Killer, dumping the first quintet bodies of his victims along the Green River in King County, Washington, pleaded guilty on the fifth November 2003, to the execution of instruments of 48 women from 1982 to 1998. He is considered virtuoso of the most profilic psycho- sequential killer in U.S. history, having cardinal of the longest cases ever to be solved, including other isolated murders.In 1982, some young populate had g 1 missing and this tolled up, over the long time. A name of femail victims fix dead in isolated parts of King County, Wash ington. In most cases, skeletal remains were found as the bodies took long to be discovered. Moreoever, most bodies were found nude and with no possessions thus making appellative difficult.The Green River Task Force was set up in answer to investigate the killings and track the hazard. At first, due to the large amount of entropy recieved at the police station in a short plosive consonant of time, the investigation was delayed and on that point was not enough resources for the data to be processed and thus some data was lost.A common trace was identified from all the victims most of the murdered girls had a history of prostitution. Investigators false their attention to interviewing prostitutes, working in the main strip in Seattle. Unfortunately, m both an(prenominal) of them were not ready to negotiate with the police.Ted Bundy, another famous serial killer inprisoned at the time, was interviewed and asked to help give an insight into the mind of a serial killer. The re sults were infutile, and the killer could not be identified from the long list of suspects. The designate force lost a lot of valuable time with malign suspects. Furthermore, in those times, they had to rely on old-fashion police work to bridge clues in concert instead of the DNA analysis utilize today.In 1983, Gary Leon Ridgway, a occasion truck samaraer, was added to the suspect list for the Green River Killings after his truck was describe to be similar to the one seen on the night victim Marie Malvar , disappeared. Ridgeway denied having any contact with the victim and due to lack of further render the charges against him were stalled. Ridgway was in addition affliated to prostitution. He was acc drilld of strangling a prostitute , Rebecca Garde Guay but claimed that he only did so to stop her from biting him during oral sex. He was as well as caught solicitating with a police wo small-arm posing as a prositute. Although he pleaded guilty to the solicitation, all charge s were dropped in both cases, espescially after having a prohibit polygraph (lie detector) examens indicating that he never killed any women.Suspisions of Ridgway cosmos linked to the Green River Killings lull ensued and in 1987, the Task Force issued a search warrant in his theater. Many items were taken to the Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory, for evidence comparing, such as carpet fibers, ropes, paint try ons and plastic tarps. A court order besides requiredRidgway to supply a saliva smack for future DNA testing. None of the evidence appeared to link Ridgway with any of the cases.In 2001, the Police Major Crimes Division Detective, Tom Jensen hoped to use technical advances in DNA analysis to solve the murder case, advances which improved over the years and were before inaccu position. The biological evidence from severel Green River Killings victims were reviewed at the state science lab until a rack up was found a profile was developed and this was positivi st to Gary Leon Ridgway.DNA is the most accurate way to identify and differentiate one soulfulness from another.It is like an organic barcode, giving a unique identity for every individual.The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with short tandem repeats test (STR), was used to help identify a match between the suspect and offender, after a complimentary probe was used to find the match . A small amount of DNA, from any bodily fluid model for example can be amplified many times to make it easier to be investigated using PCR. The smaple should be uncontaminated, but it does not need to be deep collected PCR tests can be performed decades later. The amplification of DNA allowed scienticts to sequence and imitate very short DNA fragments taken from the crime scene. A sample from the suspect and another from the crime scene were taken and matched.Locards Exchange rule implies that Every contact leaves a trace and each time thither is contact there is a minute veer of partic les that would serve as a silent witness againt the offender. In this case , samples which includes evidence of sensible used to strangle victims.WSPCL Forensic Scientists analyzed the vaginal swabs from three victims and pubic hair on another and discovered that a partial manful DNA profile on the swab matched with Ridgways DNA profile, which was developed from a piece of gauze Mr.Ridgway had chewed on in 1987 and comfirmed a match. There was also a match with the sperm fraction found in the vaginal swab.In 2001, the King County Prosecuting Attorney charged the defendant Gary Leon Ridgway with four counts of worsen murders of Marcia Chapman, Opal Mills, Cynthia Hinds, and Carol Ann Christensen. Over the next year, three more victims- Wendy Coffield , Debra Bonner, and Debra Estes- were confirmed being Gary Ridgways victims, after a forensic scientist identified microscopic spray paint spheres on their clothing. The paint was identical to the highly specialized DuPont Imron paint used at the Kenworth truck plant where Ridgway worked. Ridgway claimed that no investigator had caught him but sort of he was the victim of new technology what got me caught was technology got me caught. (Mateng, 2003)The guilty claimed that he had murdered his victims at his home or in his truck and and then dumped the cadaveres in nearby parking lots, in the woods or in rivers. His trait was to choke his victims and denied using any other firearms except the use of ligatures such as towels, belts, ropes etc. to strangulate his victims.Ridgway used a understand of his son to attract lonely vulnerable girls such as runaways and hitchikers pertain in drugs and prostitution in Seattle, Washington. This make it difficult for victims to be found as they were not in contact with relatives and did not take a shit a pokingle location.Prostitutes all fall under victimization theories. The animatenessstyle scheme suggests that individuals are targeted based on their lifestyle choic es prostitutes put themselves in jeopardy by engaging in high-risk activities, who desperatly would do anything in exchange for money. The deviant place theory reinforces this by stating that one is more credibly to become a victim in crime when exposed to unreliable places (Seigel, 2006). Lastly, the routine activity theory explains that the typical routines of individuals are linked with the rate of victimization. These situations are 1. The availability of suitable targets, 2. The absence of capable guardians, 3. The presence of prompt offenders. The risk of victimisation increases when one or all of these criteria are met.On investigation, Ridgway claimed that he never cared for his victims.I ointmented prostitutes as my victims because I hate most prostitutes and did not want to pay them for sex. I also picked prostitutes as victims because they were easy to pick up without being noticed. I knew they would not be reported missing. I picked prostitutes because I thought I could kill as many of them as I cute without getting caught. (State of Washington v. Gary Leon Ridgway, 2003, p. 7) Ridgway liked to dominate and wanted to be in control. His hatred towards these women stemmed from the poor upraising by his arrive as a child. It is believed that through the killings, he was reinforcing his bruised manhood.Looking at his background, from a very young age, Ridgway had conflicting feelings and sexual desires towards his overbearing controlling mother. This had a psychological impact on his life and way of living, always line for satisfaction. Ridgway was mentally and verbally sexually abused by his provocative mother, who humble her sons. This eventually led to Ridgway having fantasies about having violent sex with his mother to scrawl her for life and to relieve his frustrations of never being able to please her. Gary Ridgways felonious act can be listed under the social learning theory which holds that behaviour can be learned at the cognitive take aim through observing the actions of other people. The family has a large impact on what we learn and how people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning and imitation.His behaviour was further reinforced by his fathers hatred towards prostitutes and his admire for necrophilia. Ridgway grew up thinking there is nothing wrong with this act and he loved the idea of having sex with someone who is dead because you wouldnt get caught. No feelings. She wouldnt feel it (Reichert, 2004, p. 274). Ridgway had confessed in court to driving back with his son to commend one of his victims body and having close contact whilst his son was close by. afterwards minor evil offences as a young boy, Ridgway attempted to stab a six year old boy in the woods, for the place of knowing how killing felt. Yet police did not charge him and made him believe that he can get away with his killings. Ridgway displays a psychopathic personality trait with an id-dominate d personality. He is defined as an war-ridden person with a dangerously maladjusted personality who craves excitement, feels little guilt, and is unable to form meaningful emotional attachments to others (McCord McCord, 1964). He also had an abnormally low IQ which resulted in difficulty at school. Hirschis social bond theory claims that when there is no good attachment in personal and social life, crotchety behaviour ensues due to broken bonds which may increase the tendency of criminal acts.According to Time Magazine writer Terry McCarthy, Ridgway had an insatiable sexual appetite. His two ex-wives and old girlfriends reported that he was a sex maniac(predicate) and Ridgway himself admitted to having a love-hate relationship with prostitutes. He also shifted blame to his second married woman claiming that there might have been a lot less people dying if he had a nice woman to go home to.On December 18, 2003, as part of the plea agreement, Ridgway got 48 life sentences at Washi ngton State Penitentiary in Walla Walla but spared closing penalty in exchange to full help with other murder investigations and insight into his techniques, evidence and locations .In my opinion , the Task Force should have investigated and evaluated a detailed background of Gary Leon Ridgways history and lifestyle as currently as he became one of the suspects. Although he was under surveillence, he should have been detained into custody whilst being investigated due to his uncontrollable personality and violent traits. If a more thourough background check had been made to prove his uncontrollable aggressive personality, Ridgway could have been institutionalised untill charged.Nevertheless , the case was handled well, exhausting all the facilities and man power availabe during those times.It is proven that social experiences such as poor family milieu predisposes one to violence and abnormal behaviour. I believe that no one is born a criminal it is the experiences in life which guides decision we take. Unfortunalty psychopath such as Gary Leon Ridgway, do not have the capacity to make the right decisions but are overwhelmed by their thist of power and control. Ultimately, one is as yet to blame for his/her actions and it seemed unjust that the killer did not have a pointrel penalty despite all those victims he killed.